Biography of Hans Hofmann, Abstract Expressionism Pioneer

Life story of Hans Hofmann, Abstract Expressionism Pioneer Hans Hofmann (March 21, 1880 - February 17, 1966) was an American painter conceived in Germany. He was one of the first pioneers of the theoretical expressionist development. As a workmanship teacher for four decades, he impacted probably the best painters of the twentieth century. Quick Facts: Hans Hofmann Occupation: Painter and craftsmanship teacherBorn: March 21, 1880 in Weissenburg, BavariaDied: February 17, 1966 in New York, New YorkSpouses: Maria Wolfegg (kicked the bucket 1963), and Renate Schmitz (wedded 1965)Selected Works: The Wind (1942), Pompeii (1959), Song of the Nightingale, (1964)Key Accomplishment: 1963 New York Museum of Modern Art review that visited three continents.Notable Quote: In nature, light makes the shading. In the image, shading makes the light. Early Life and Education Destined to a German family in Bavaria, Hans Hofmann showed an unmistakable fascination for science and arithmetic since the beginning. At age sixteen, he followed his dads vocation way and took an occupation with the legislature. The more youthful Hofmann filled in as a collaborator to the chief of Public Works. The position permitted him to enjoy his affection for arithmetic while protecting a wide scope of gadgets, including a convenient cooler for military use and a radar framework for cruising ships. During his administration business, Hans Hofmann started to consider workmanship. Somewhere in the range of 1900 and 1904, while living in Munich, he met his future spouse, Maria Miz Wolfegg. He likewise got to know Philipp Freudenberg, proprietor of the very good quality retail chain Kaufhaus Gerson and an energetic craftsmanship authority. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/kXWD1dIBW9xDfHf0wiDpJsR0uFo=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-still-life-3c58ae5a11da498c8fef0c132cf66cc1.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Mmwgw8-KickxiuhJY4D4pMQePLY=/600x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-still-life-3c58ae5a11da498c8fef0c132cf66cc1.jpg 600w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/HqbupApMNfn_we-HsY4_qN_GFDY=/900x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-still-life-3c58ae5a11da498c8fef0c132cf66cc1.jpg 900w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/pYkwiUp6muF8amC2kcX2Z_hVbMQ=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-still-life-3c58ae5a11da498c8fef0c132cf66cc1.jpg 1500w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/yIUx1OxqDbMgvr2CmZ4aVEy8_eQ=/1500x1130/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-still-life-3c58ae5a11da498c8fef0c132cf66cc1.jpg src=//:0 alt=hans hofmann still life class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-8 information following container=true /> Still Life. Geoffrey Clements/Getty Images Through Freudenbergs support throughout the following decade, Hans Hofmann had the option to move to Paris with Miz. While in France, Hofmann drenched himself profoundly in the cutting edge painting scene. He met Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and numerous others. As his notoriety developed, Hofmanns painting Akt (Nude) showed up in the 1908 Berlin Secession appear. Leaving Germany At the point when World War I broke out in 1914, Hofmann and his better half had to leave Paris and come back to Munich. The legislature precluded him from military assistance because of a respiratory condition, and he opened a workmanship school in 1915. In 1924, he wedded Miz. Hofmanns notoriety as a workmanship teacher arrived at abroad, and in 1930, a previous understudy welcomed him to show the 1930 summer craftsmanship meeting at the University of California at Berkeley. In the wake of going through two years going between the U.S. what's more, Germany to educate and work, he delayed an arrival outing to Germany for a long time to come. Hans Hofmann lived in the United States for the greater part of a mind-blowing remainder, applying for U.S. citizenship in 1938 while Europe was scarcely a year from the beginning of World War II. In 1934, Hans Hofmann opened his specialty school in New York and offered classes for the following 24 years. In the late spring, he moved his guidance to Provincetown, Massachusetts. He earned enormous regard as an educator functioning as a tutor to Helen Frankenthaler, Ray Eames, and Lee Krasner, just as turning out to be dear companions with Jackson Pollock. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/f1ev-qQ02iazTfP6GLJ5XU0r3Q8=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/jm-aa_08_rev_03-56a039ad5f9b58eba4af6b43.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/VUVQ-sbhOr0ip6ACTgstbz7iJPY=/296x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/jm-aa_08_rev_03-56a039ad5f9b58eba4af6b43.jpg 296w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/TfzFle9XAZnyvsjKis8a3c3O9q4=/292x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/jm-aa_08_rev_03-56a039ad5f9b58eba4af6b43.jpg 292w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/tWcO7lUCY_77REstxliK2UuI5FA=/284x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/jm-aa_08_rev_03-56a039ad5f9b58eba4af6b43.jpg 284w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/yWgv1HRlplu0tb6HGNm91fQ7zSQ=/400x284/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/jm-aa_08_rev_03-56a039ad5f9b58eba4af6b43.jpg src=//:0 alt= Renate, Hans Maria Hofmann Trust/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; utilized with authorization class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-18 information following container=true /> Hans Hofmann (American, b. Germany, 1880-1966). Rhapsody, 1943. Oil, duco, and casein on pressed wood. 51 1/2 x 36 5/8 in. (130.8 x 93 cm). Endowment of the craftsman. Berkeley Art Museum, University of California. Photograph: Benjamin Blackwell. Â © Renate, Hans Maria Hofmann Trust/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Dynamic Expressionism Hans Hofmann was the main painter of the gathering of New York-based craftsmen given kudos for advocating theoretical expressionism who was straightforwardly engaged with the Paris cutting edge before World War I. With that association, he overcame any barrier between two of the most powerful networks of specialists in the twentieth century and roused an age of painters. In his own work, Hofmann investigated shading and structure. He asserted that workmanship could be given its voice by refining it to its nuts and bolts and expelling pointless material. Among his noticeable pieces was The Wind. For a considerable length of time, numerous history specialists accepted that seeing works of art like it was a key impact on Jackson Pollocks improvement of the trickle painting strategy. Later assessment has driven craftsmanship history specialists to accept that Hofmann and Pollock were exploring different avenues regarding poured paint simultaneously. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fl2niE8twOt8vjGYJr9vR_ctkuI=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-the-wind-945a7b9f6a644c9f898fc11a95614ddd.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3up8DD13niMObel0i3P6FrPLue8=/463x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-the-wind-945a7b9f6a644c9f898fc11a95614ddd.jpg 463w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/iSyUSUXjoUQzyCLphF7CDvTDEnA=/626x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-the-wind-945a7b9f6a644c9f898fc11a95614ddd.jpg 626w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/aNWt7qcMub8XmDL4FDMvAwuUeb0=/953x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-the-wind-945a7b9f6a644c9f898fc11a95614ddd.jpg 953w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/T43XI9CGsifDPXWQ5eZ0NqtzGCQ=/1500x953/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hans-hofmann-the-wind-945a7b9f6a644c9f898fc11a95614ddd.jpg src=//:0 alt=hans hofmann the breeze class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-24 information following container=true /> The Wind (1942). College of California, Berkeley Art Museum In 1944, Hans Hofmann got his first independent display appear in New York. Craftsmanship pundits commended it as a stage forward in the investigation of the theoretical expressionist style. His work during the 1940s ran from energetic self-representations executed with intense strokes to bright geometric shapes that resounded crafted by European bosses Hans Arp and Joan Miro. Later Work After a review at the Whitney in New York in 1957, Hofmann encountered a late-vocation renaissance of enthusiasm for his work. He quit instructing in 1958 and concentrated on the formation of craftsmanship for the last long stretches of his life. Craftsmen and pundits the same commended his work far and wide. In 1963, New Yorks Museum of Modern Art mounted a significantly increasingly broad review that traversed the U.S., South America, and Europe. During the 1960s, Hofmann persevered through huge pity because of the death of a considerable lot of his craftsman companions. Because of the passings of Franz Kline and Jackson Pollock just as others, he devoted new pieces to their memory. The most noteworthy blow happened in 1963 with the death of Miz because of a coronary failure. In the fall of 1965, Hofmann wedded Renate Schmitz, a lady 50 years his lesser. They stayed together until his demise from a cardiovascular failure on February 17, 1966. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/y72aJ1gENXpnR4Ig0RzEib5BzEo=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/stomach muscle ex-ny-moma-1011-20-56a03a8c5f9b58eba4af6f11.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OsZ_8tzByfKaL8vuDMsMVI49en0=/717x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/abdominal muscle ex-ny-moma-1011-20-56a03a8c5f9b58eba4af6f11.jpg 717w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/aWVbPzSXTBRm2V51enisVon16hk=/1134x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/stomach muscle ex-ny-moma-1011-20-56a03a8c5f9b58eba4af6f11.jpg 1134w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Q-axjvTHPBHLvWH2r3ghQ-izZrI=/1969x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/stomach muscle ex-ny-moma-1011-20-56a03a8c5f9b58eba4af6f11.jpg 1969w information

The activities of Valley Grown Salads Essays

The exercises of Valley Grown Salads Essays The exercises of Valley Grown Salads Essay The exercises of Valley Grown Salads Essay Valley developed plates of mixed greens intend to keep up their business, they have stated, they might not want to grow their business right now. They flourish to create excellent new produce to the grocery stores; waitrose and Sainsbury. They intend to expand their generosity and notoriety for providing the best. Valley Grown Salads are providers of great new produce from around the globe to driving UK store customers, including waitrose and Sainsbury.Valley developed servings of mixed greens just sell tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and aubergines. They are focused on upholding exclusive requirements for their clients and their customers, offering a dependable and adaptable assistance that conveys the freshest items accessible. They develop from a wide range of nations from around the globe including Spain and Israel, so as to bring their clients the best quality item accessible for entire year year.Valley developed plates of mixed greens develop their own vegetables and bundle them. Valley developed plates of mixed greens likewise keep up and work organization claimed transport armada this incorporates refrigerated lorries. Valley developed servings of mixed greens keep up 220,000 plants. Valley developed plates of mixed greens possesses more than one little nursery: they own Valley Grown Salads - this is a 26,000 sq ft bundling office and refrigerated stockpiling and the get point for Lorries. They additionally own Valley Grown Nurseries This is a 10 section of land glass house which grows 220,000 plants which is furnished with vitality effective warm screens likewise, in this nursery they utilize 10 staff on full time.They additionally own Nature Choice This business is in south east Spain which just develops peppers, cucumbers and aubergines, which has 600 sections of land of accessible developing region in this segment. This part of VGS likewise has 16,000 m2 of distribution center pressing space. In this area they utilize 230 staff of this there are 3 quality control groups with full recognizability frameworks. Valley Grown Salads are accomplices with Edom UK, in Israel this area of VGS is situated in Israel, they flexibly premium quality peppers for UK markets. In organization with Valley Grown Salads pressing activity with 7 Israeli producers. VGS bundling and transport: the item, peppers cucumbers, tomatoes or aubergines, are gotten into their pack house in Nazing, where it is put in their glidestock racking to guarantee flawless stock rotation.The wanted item is put away there in their high moistness refrigeration zone before creation. The items are then reviewed, for instance a little pepper would be downsized as a result of its size, pressed and conveyed to client terminals. It is then evaluated by evaluators before it leaves. At the point when a requests is set, it very well may be dispersed greatest twice every day by VGS transport armada, this incorporates refrigerated Lorries, to guarantee most extreme newness for the client coming up, Sainsbury or Waitrose. Since VGS have abroad ranches the lorry drivers convey hand-held blackberry PDA gadgets, these can evaluate traffic or climate conditions subsequently it is helpful to the driver.Will Chelsea need to grow or change later on to follow their points? Right now Che lsea F.C are going all out. Pundits and bookmakers anticipate that Chelsea F.C may get an opportunity of taking all the trophies this year. Anyway as time passes by their group should change so as to keep up their series of wins. They should purchase new players so as to keep their group sheet brimming with a class players, for instance new players originate from everywhere throughout the world are becoming well known its up to the scouts from the club to ensure they asses the correct players. Definitely they should change the arena to stay aware of current design and to keep up the intrigue of new players.The efficient Chelsea F.C Mega store should change their items consistently, for instance the Chelsea unit will change, so they should show the new pack on time to stay aware of the necessities of the Chelsea F.C fans, additionally the Chelsea F.C game may likewise should be adjusted. So as to keep up consistent benefit the lodgings in Chelsea town may should be redesigned and ref urbished so as to come.Will VGS need to extend or change later on to follow their points? VGS have expressed that they might not want to extend at the current second; they are happy with the benefit. Since VGS are the providers to Sainsburys and waitrose they made need to change on the off chance that they get more interest for a specific item from the store. Right now however, if they somehow happened to develop more vegetables they would increase an overflow of unused vegetables. Unavoidably they should change their gear utilized in the stockrooms and in the glasshouses for example the pressing machines, Lorries and so on. On the off chance that they were approached by Sainsbury or waitrose for additional products, at that point they should grow, in Nazing, yet in addition abroad. Additionally Sainsbury or waitrose may approach VGS for another item in the past VGS just sold cucumbers and tomatoes, for instance sweet corn.Functional territories of Chelsea Village Human Resources pr eparing, Recruitment and examination The principle reason for the human asset office is to locate the correct worker, the perfect measure of representatives and at the opportune time, accomplishing this will satisfy the motivation behind the human asset division Training is a significant piece of Chelsea F.C; Jos㠯⠿â ½ Maurino pays out thousands to get his group prepared and in structure for the following match. Preparing is expected to prepare other staff also, for instance, the groundkeeper may require preparing for another grass shaper. Another model is the burger bar utilizes another cooker; he/she may require preparing to flip a burger etc.Recruiting staff is exorbitant and tedious it is likewise a fundamental piece of any business, particularly in a business as extensive as Chelsea Village. Poor decisions when enlisting may demonstrate costly. The organization should make certain of the new representatives specialized capacity. For instance, if another visit manage negle cts to turn up 3 days straight, the organization loses both time and cash and they might be at risk for a punishment charge in view of the postponement. Likewise the enlistment of new players is essential in choosing the result of Chelsea F.C, in such a case that they are paying 20 million pounds they should ensure that the player is ideal for the job.In an organization as large as Chelsea town some type of report on representatives is expected to ensure they are satisfying their points and destinations, along these lines they use examination strategies. Evaluation is the formal or casual procedure which a representative can talk about their preparation and advancement needs with an appraiser The real football crew may have an appraiser for each crew part, the examination division might be useful for inspiration since it gives the chance to workers to distinguish methods of meeting their work requirements for instance, Frank Lampard might be frustrated at the condition of their rec center, hence he may demand some new gear.

The Cardinal Traits of Personality

The Cardinal Traits of Personality Theories Personality Psychology Print The Cardinal Traits of Personality By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 21, 2020 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Allport's Cardinal Traits The Cardinal Traits The Central Traits The Secondary Traits Final Thoughts View All Back To Top Cardinal traits are those that dominate an individual’s personality to the point that the individual becomes known for them. Don Juan, for example, was so renowned for his sexual exploits that his name became a synonym for heartbreaker and libertine. The young Narcissus of Greek mythology was so enamored with his own reflection that his name became the root of the term narcissism or excessive self-obsession. The Cardinal Traits According to Allport Psychologist Gordon Allport was interested in discovering just how many personality traits exist.?? After combing through an English-language dictionary for terms related to personality, he suggested that there were more than 4,000 different terms describing personality traits. After analyzing these terms, he developed three different categories that each term could fall into. 1. The Cardinal Traits Cardinal traits were the most dominant, but also the rarest. Such traits are so intrinsically tied to an individuals personality that the person becomes almost synonymous with those qualities. Cardinal traits often develop later in life and serve to shape almost all aspects of an individuals purpose, behavior, and attitudes. Historical figures are often thought of in terms of their cardinal traits. Some examples include: Mother Teresa is strongly associated with goodness and charity. Today, her name is virtually synonymous with those traits.Adolph Hitler is associated with evil, and his name evokes the embodiment of ruthlessness and depravity.Einstein is known for his genius, and today his name is often used as a synonym for brilliance.Machiavelli (ruthlessness)Christ-like (good, faithful, holy)Ebenezer Scrooge (greedy)Martin Luther King, Jr. (justice and equality)Abraham Lincoln (honesty)Sigmund Freud (psychoanalytical) 2. The Central Traits Allport believed that central traits are much more common and serve as the basic building blocks of most people’s personality. If you think of the major terms you might use to describe your overall character; then those are probably your central traits. You might describe yourself as smart, kind, and outgoing. Those are your central traits. Allport believed that most people have about five to ten central traits and that most people contain many of these traits to a certain degree. A few examples of central traits include honesty, friendliness, generosity, anxiety, and diligence. 3. The Secondary Traits The secondary traits were the third category of traits that Allport described. Such personality traits that tend to present themselves in certain situations.?? For example, you might normally be a pretty easy-going person, but you might become short-tempered when you find yourself under a lot of pressure.  Such traits often reveal themselves only in certain situations. A normally cool, collected person, for example, might become very anxious when faced with speaking in public. Final Thoughts While the cardinal traits are considered among the most dominant of characteristics, they are also quite rare. Few people are so ruled by a singular theme that shapes the course of their entire life. The trait theories of personality suggest that each person’s personality is composed of a number of different characteristics. While early conceptualizations of the trait approach suggested hundreds or even thousands of traits existed (such as Allport’s approach), modern ideas propose that personality is composed of approximately five broad dimensions.??

The Spanish Colonization in the Philippines - 757 Words

THE SPANISH COLONIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES The Philippines was very lucky because our country was rich in natural resources. And that is the reason why many foreign countries had colonized our country. Spain is one of the foreign countries that colonized our country for more than three hundred years. They are the reason why Filipinos experienced suffered, hardship, persecution etc. during their colonization. But the Spanish had also contributes good things in our country specially to us Filipinos. The Spanish colonization in the Philippines lead to us to make some questions in our mind on how does the Filipino survived? Even though they†¦show more content†¦The Spanish changed the lives of Filipino. Even though the Spanish was inhumanity but the Filipino was still lucky because the Spanish people exerted efforts to implement our country by sharing to us the way of their living and those things contributed a lot to us Filipino. And we also give thanks to the Spanish because they converted the Filipino into Catholicism because if the Spain had not succeeded to colonized our country, then our country would have been a Muslim nation now. Catholicism is the most important contribution that the Spanish given to us. The Spanish colonization in the Philippines brought such poverty, violence, misery to us Filipino. But it also contributes us a lot of good things. They improved and helped our country in many ways. Even though the Filipino experienced the inhumanity of the Spaniards but still they influenced us the way of their living and until today we still used and make those influences in our daily lives. The only thing that we can say in the Spanish colonization is that we felt different emotions. We felt angry because the Spaniards abused the Filipino they treated them as slaves. We felt sad because their are many Filipinos sacrificed their own lives just for theShow MoreRelatedColonization Or Imperialism Is Done By Treaties Or Agreements?1652 Words   |  7 Pages Colonization Lis Mendez AIU Online Abstract Prior to the modern or new era it was believed that conquers who conquered other lands had the right to take possession of that land, its riches, resources and even the people in order to achieve their own political agenda. Today the concept has changed, colonization or imperialism is done by treaties or agreements, they are acts in which governments negotiate with a less powerful country, they lead them to believe that their colonization willRead MoreAmerican Contibution to the Philippines1221 Words   |  5 PagesContribution of American to the Philippines 1. Independence  - America helped the Philippines to eliminate the Spaniards in the country thus helping the Filipinos to end the suffering from the Spanish reign. This was the first step of the country to stand on their own and start a new beginning.   2. Government  -we adapted and patterned some of our constitution with the Americans.   3  Sports  - Filipino favourite sport had been basketball, and other foreign sports instead of the national sports whichRead More The Colonization of the Philippines Essays1415 Words   |  6 Pages Generally, textbooks, articles, and essays talk about America’s â€Å"occupation,† â€Å"supervision† or â€Å"intervention† in the Philippines. They seem to be afraid to use the word â€Å"colonization.† According to Webster’s Dictionary the definition of colonization is, â€Å"The colonial system of political government or extension of territory, by which one nation exerts political control over another nation, territory, or people, maintaining the colony in a state of dependence, its inhabitants not having the same fullRead MoreEvents of the Philippine Island1143 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 8 of Antonio de Morgas Events of the Philippines Islands with the Rizal annotation. Then take one section of Chapter 8 which talks about precolonial cultures and IN YOUR OWN WORDS, discuss its significance and use to our present-day ideas of culture, history, and identify. 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In 1564Read Morephilippine literature1582 Words   |  7 Pagestribal Filipinos, or  among lowland Filipinos that have maintained their links with the culture of their non-Islamic or non-Christian ancestors According to scholar William Henry Scott , â€Å"there is a discrepancy between what is actually known about Philippine prehistory and what has been written about it† many chroniclers possessed biases towards early Filipinos andthese were reflected in their accounts/writings. î€  Folk tales, epics, poems and marathon chants existed in most ethnolinguistic groups thatRead MoreCultural Influences Of The Philippines1601 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Influences of the Philippines SSG Thurber, Michael J. ALC Class: 002-16 Introductory In a few hundred years, traditional Filipino Culture has changed. It went from developed tribes to a more modern day society. In this essay we will be discussing the unique culture of the Philippines and the causes of that culture. Such as, the regional location, growth in population, military conflicts, before and after the Spanish colonization, the Spanish-American War, the presenceRead MoreAmerican Expansion During The 19th Century1349 Words   |  6 Pagesforeign countries. The industries would mostly want the resources and to have a market in each country. The U.S. colonized territories such as Philippines, Hawaii, and Latin America for their resources. These countries were specially targeted for the benefits they gave to American companies. Therefore, the industrial revolution was directly related to the colonization of underdeveloped countries. The American Industrial Revolution had started in 1800’s and grew at a tremendous rate after the civil war

Euthyphro s Dilemma Of Plato s Euthyphro - 968 Words

In Euthyphro, Socrates discusses with Euthyphro about what the â€Å"piety† is. The conversation leads to what most modern philosophers now define as Euthyphro’s dilemma. It is stated that† Is something pious because the gods love it or the gods love it because it is pious?† This dilemma is also known as the â€Å"Divine Command Theory†, which has puzzled many Christian philosophers throughout the years. Socrates’ account seems to disagree with Euthyphro’s. This paper will argue against the dilemma in Socrates’ account. The story setting is at the court, where Socrates is going to defend himself from being accused of corrupting the youth and not worshipping the gods in the right way. Socrates meets Euthyphro who is famous for being able to tell the future. During the conversation, Socrates finds out that Euthyphro is here to prosecute his father for murder. Euthyphro said that Zeus killed his father, Cronus, for eating Zeusâ€℠¢s siblings, therefore; by prosecuting Euthyphro’s own father, he is doing the pious act. He also claims that he has the knowledge of the gods. Socrates asks Euthyphro to teach him what piety is. Euthyphro said, â€Å"what is loved by the gods is pious, and what’s not loved by the gods is impious.† Socrates is not happy with Euthyphro’s answer because it does not give the exact definition of what piety is. Moreover, during their conversation, they establish that the gods do disagree among each other, which means what is loved by one god may not be loved by anotherShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Plato s The Euthyphro 1723 Words   |  7 Pagesof the greatest reflective thinkers of all time, Plato was the innovator of many written philosophical dialogues. Accompanied by his teacher, Socrates and his most notorious disciple, Aristotle, Plato set the groundworks of Western philosophy and science amid dialogues such as Apology, Euthyphro, Republic and Laws. Thes e dialogues provided some of the earliest handlings of political inquiries from a philosophical viewpoint. In the Euthyphro, Plato composes a dialogue that transpires in 399 BC, weeksRead MoreIn PlatoS Euthyphro, Socrates And Euthyphro Discuss The1734 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato s Euthyphro, Socrates and Euthyphro discuss the nature of piety. Euthyphro first proposed that piety is that which the gods love. His proposal was quickly objected by Socrates though, since the gods often disputed amongst themselves and therefore what one loves can be what another hates. Euthyphro then revised his hypothesis to say that piety is that which the gods love unanimously and for the moment this was their conclusion. This definition however, that piety is what the gods love unanimouslyRead More Traditional And Utilitarian Approaches To The Euthyphro Dilemma1864 Words   |  8 PagesUtilitarian Approaches To The Euthyphro Dilemma In the Euthyphro, Plato describes the proceedings of a largely circular argument between Socrates and Euthyphro, a self-declared prophet and pious man, over the nature of piety and even of the gods themselves. The issues raised in this dialogue have been reinterpreted and extended to remain relevant even with a modern theological framework, so much so that the central issue is now known simply as ?the Euthyphro dilemma.? This is based on SocratesRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory : Capital Punishment And Abortion Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagesreligion in a manner that seems expected, since it provides a solution to arguments about moral relativism and the objectivity of ethics. 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Picasso Final Paper Free Essays

string(70) " the shock waves reverbetrated and the inevitable outcome was Cubism\." Final Paper William Kidwell ART101: Art Appreciation Instructor: Patricia Venecia-Tobin October 8, 2012 Evaluate Pablo Picasso’s Demoiselles d’Avignon. How did this work reshape the art of the early 20th century? Pablo Picasso’s painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignon is a wonderful piece of art, and the style in which the picture is painted is very typical of Picasso. The artist completed the picture in the beginning of the previous century, in 1907, and used oil on canvas. We will write a custom essay sample on Picasso Final Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally, Pablo Picasso is famous for unnaturally distorted figures in his paintings of that year, and Les Demoiselles d’Avignon is a great example. The picture is now hanging in the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Pablo Picasso hated discussing his art, yet once he spoke frankly about â€Å"Les Demoiselles d’Avignon,† his greatest painting and a touchstone of 20th-century art that is 100 years old this summer. On this occasion, Picasso did not address the subjects that transfix art historians — the origin of Cubism, the supplanting of old avant- gardes, and the impact of non-Western art. He cut through academic dissertations to offer one of his most heartfelt admissions about why he made art. He spoke of artworks as â€Å"weapons . . . gainst everything . . . against unknown, threatening spirits,† and he affirmed that â€Å"‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’ . . . was my first exorcism painting — yes absolutely! † His encounters also return us to the idea of art as â€Å"exorcism. † When Picasso spoke about art being a weapon, he was specifically describing African â€Å"fetishes. † He called them defensive weapons: â€Å"They’re tools. If we give spirits a form, we become independent. † In this sense, the splintered spaces and awesome creatures of â€Å"Les Demoiselles† vividly embody looming malevolent and seductive forces — and stop them in their tracks. Picasso’s painting pushes us to the edge of primal confrontation. It projects human savagery only to trap it in the painted crust. [Jacques Doucet] failed to offer the painting to the Louvre, and a few years after his death the 10-year-old Museum of Modern Art acquired not only a masterpiece but international stature as the leading museum of contemporary art when it purchased the painting in 1939. Since that date, â€Å"Les Demoiselles† has been almost continuously on public view (a current exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, â€Å"Picasso’s Demoiselles d’Avignon at 100,† is up through Aug. 7 and displays the painting with 11 related works). Yet only in the past few years have we had the chance to see it almost as it looked when it left Picasso’s studio in 1924. In 2003-04, MoMA undertook a full-scale conservation effort and stripped the picture of layers of varnish that someone other than Picasso had applied. For generations, the varnish masked the physical texture and mass of Picasso’s brushwork under an anodyne sheen. Now we see the painting the way Picasso left it — a raw, intensely fractured skin of ideas. ( Fitzgerald, M. (2007, Jul 21). PURSUITS; leisure amp; arts — masterpiece: His unladylike young ladies; in 1907, picasso’s ‘les demoiselles’ shattered convention. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/398999057? accountid=32521) [Pablo Picasso] worked on Les Demoiselles d’Avignon as he had never worked on any painting before. One art historian has even claimed that the hundreds of paintings and drawings produced during its six- month gestation constitute â€Å"a quantity of preparatory work unique not only in Picasso’s career, but without parallel, for a single picture, in the entire history of art†. Certainly, it matches the work artists had traditionally put into history paintings and frescoes. Picasso knew he was doing something important, even revolutionary – but what? What struck Picasso about African masks was the most obvious thing: that they disguise you, turn you into something else – an animal, a demon, a god. Modernism is an art that wears a mask. It does not say what it means; it is not a window but a wall. Picasso picked his subject matter precisely because it was a cliche: he wanted to show that originality in art does not lie in arrative, or morality, but in formal invention. This is why it’s misguided to see Les Demoiselles d’Avignon as a painting â€Å"about† brothels, prostitutes or colonialism. The great, lamentable tragedy of 18th- and 19th-century art, compared with the brilliance of a Michelangelo, had been to lose sight of the act of creation. That’s what Picasso blasts away. Modernism in the arts meant exactly this victory of form over content. That doesn’t mean it is disconnected from the world. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon could not be more earthily, pungently affective – it is, after all, full of sex. It’s a sexuality that bears no resemblance to that of, say, Klimt. Although it emerges from the same decadent milieu, it does things no artist of the fin- de-siecle had contemplated. In this painting Picasso anticipates the discoveries he made explicit in his cubist pictures: he all but obliterates the 500-year-old western tradition of perspective by flattening his flesh silhouettes in a space that goes nowhere. It’s this visual violence that liberates his eroticism, because it erases any meaning or narrative. Such a tremendous unbinding of desire was unprecedented in art, not to mention Christian culture. After the first world war, Andre Breton came to Picasso’s studio, saw Les Demoiselles d’Avignon and recognised it as the definitive modern masterpiece. Breton, the leader of the surrealists, saw in it a painting about the revolutionary menace of the unconscious, and he was right. (Jones, J. (2007, Jan 09). G2: Arts: Pablos punks: It’s exactly a century since Picasso painted les demoiselles d’avignon. Jonathan Jones reveals why this explosion of sex, anarchy and violence gave birth to the whole of modern art. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/246571101? accountid=32521) This painting was painted in 1907. It was called the most innovative painting since the work of Giotto, when Les Demoiselles d’Avignon first appeared it was as if the art world had collapsed. Known form and respresnetation were completely abandoned. The reductionism and contortion of space in the painiting was incredible, and dislocation of faces explosive. Like any revolution, the shock waves reverbetrated and the inevitable outcome was Cubism. You read "Picasso Final Paper" in category "Papers" This large work, which took nine months to complete, exposes the true genius and novelty of Picasso’s passion. Suddenly he found freedom of expression away from current and classical French influences and was able to carve his own path. Picasso created hundreds of sketches and studies in preparation for the final work. It was painted in Paris during the summer of 1907. Demoiselle was revolutionary and controversial, and led to anger and disagreement amongst his closest associates and friends. Picasso long acknowledged the importance of Spanish art and Iberian sculpture as influences on the painting. Demoiselle is believed by critics to be influenced by African tribal masks and the art of Oceania, although Picasso denied the connection; many art historians remain skeptical about his denials. Several experts maintain that, at the very least, Picasso visited the Musee d’Ethnographie du Trocadero in the spring of 1907 where he saw and was unconsciously influenced by African and Tribal art several months before completing Demoiselles. Some critics argue that the painting was a reaction to Henri Matisse’s Le bonheur de vivre and Blue Nude. Picasso drew each figure differently. The woman pulling the curtain on the far right has heavy paint application throughout. Her head is the most cubists of all five, featuring sharp geometric shapes. The cubist head of the crouching figure underwent at least two revisions from an Iberian figure to its current state. Much of the critical debate that has taken place over the years centers on attempting to account for this multiplicity of styles within the work. The dominant understanding for over five decades, espoused most notably by Alfred Barr, the first director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and organizer of major career retrospectives for the artist, has been that it can be interpreted as evidence of a transitional period in Picasso’s art, an effort to connect his earlier work to Cubism, the style he would help invent and develop over the next five or six years. Since the late 18th century, artists had been re-evaluating the Renaissance’s concept of pictorial space, created through the means of linear and atmospheric perspective, whereby a fixed spectator observed a cube of space in which the sense of depth was created by a geometric diminution of objects in scale and in clarity as, apparently, they receded into the distance.. For Picasso, this rendering of space was no longer valid because the â€Å"fixed spectator† no longer existed. Now the modern spectator had been transformed into someone who was in constant movement, forced to look at objects from several points of view. Picasso became obsessed with what he regarded as the anachronistic artistic rules governing the representation of three-dimensional form on a flat surface and with reconciling them with the new modern acceleration. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon represents a working out of this reconciliation. His solution was to paint five nude contorted women. Now let’s examine why he would portray them in such a manner. If we examine the seated woman to our right, you’ll notice that her face and arms are facing us but her torso, buttocks and extremities are turned away from us. In other words, Picasso lets us simultaneously glimpse at different aspects of this woman that a fixed viewer could not ordinarily do so. In other words, Picasso is trying to show us a composite of this woman from as many different points of view as possible so that we may experience her in her totality. Picasso does the very same thing to the woman standing to our left. If we examine her closely, we will notice that she is ambiguously portrayed. First of all, her face is depicted both laterally and frontally. She is posed like an ancient Egyptian form who looks to the side but whose eye looks directly to the front. Furthermore, if we inspect her body, we will discover something very odd. Her right side is depicted dorsally, whereas her left side is portrayed frontally. It’s as if Picasso has twisted her body so that we may get a glimpse of as many aspects of her as possible. In other words, Picasso wants to show us this woman in her entirety. In rendering the new reality, Picasso also abandons harmonious bodily proportions. This, of course, was done on purpose since Picasso had been trained at art school how to render the human figure through mathematical proportions. The woman located at the very center of the canvas is quite disproportionate, elongated as though she were a figure out of an El Greco painting. If we focus on her extremities, they seem to go on forever, as if her short-waisted torso was out of context with the rest of her body. And so it goes for the rest of the figures in the picture. Was there any precedent for doing such a thing? Picasso’s Les Demoiselles is homage to Paul Cezanne’s The Bathers. Not only do both works echo Cezanne’s dictum of â€Å"the cone, the cylinder, and the sphere,† but both paintings distort the human body. However, whereas Cezanne distorts the women in The Bathers in order to bring the viewer into the pictorial plane and to balance the figures and structures within the painting, Picasso does so for a different purpose. Picasso distorts each of these women to show who is in power—that he can take control and mangle them—and that, in the final analysis, they still threaten him as human beings. But this distortion and use of pure geometrical shapes are not the only elements that Picasso borrows from Cezanne’s work. Picasso limits his palette just as Cezanne does because both are concerned more with the rendering of form than with the use of color. To have used more colors than the blues, pinks, ochres, rusts, and grays that he employs would have been distracting. Furthermore, these colors are totally flat, as though to suggest that these women are linearly rendered, â€Å"constructed† rather than modeled. Les Demoiselles is also disturbing in the ghastly and violent way that the women’s faces are portrayed. Georges Braque went so far as to say that â€Å"Picasso was drinking turpentine and spitting fire†. But these women appeared the way they do for very specific reasons. These women are, after all, prostitutes who are cold, calculating businesswomen who dabble in sex for a profit and who practice a â€Å"savage† profession. The three women on the left look as though they were made from stone, and, remember, the onlooker is a sexual voyeur who is experiencing sexual anxiety. There is nothing inviting about either of them. Their faces are derived from the pre-Roman Iberian bronzes that Picasso had seen in the Louvre and had been experimenting with since 1906. The two remaining women’s faces are borrowed from African sculpture, a jarring juxtaposition. Perhaps one of the reasons why he did this is to suggest the dark, uncivilized nature of the â€Å"oldest† profession. Another reason is that these women represent a composite of the Spanish people, descended from native tribes the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, and middle-eastern Jews. Furthermore, perhaps Picasso is even alluding to the final stages of syphilis, whereby the human face becomes a bulbous mask of thickened skin. But maybe Picasso’s interest in deforming their faces is purely a formal one, a means of negating realism and embracing abstraction and distortion. Nevertheless, this plundering of African art was revolutionary in that Picasso uses it to shock the viewer through brutality and savagery. Painting was never to be the same. Originally Les Demoiselles was going to be an allegory of venereal disease entitled â€Å"The Wages of Sin. † In the study for the painting, Picasso sketched a sailor carousing in a brothel amongst prostitutes and a young medical student holding a skull, a symbol for mortality. But the subsequent painting is quite different from the original sketch: only the women appear. And these women are not the traditional nudes that viewers had become so accustomed to in the 1880’s when Degas and Toulouse-Lautrec had begun to capture them in the moment of the â€Å"parade,† whereby prostitutes announced their wares and services to their clients. Nor are these women feminine and beautiful as Ingres’ Venus Anadyomene. Then who are these women in this brothel in Barcelona’s Avignon Street and why do they appear the way they do? Perhaps the answers to these questions lie in Picasso’s fear of women in general. Their flesh is not depicted as being soft and inviting but sharp and knifelike. In fact, their flesh suggests castration and fear of women. As Robert Hughes implies, â€Å"No painter put his anxiety about impotence and castration more plainly than Picasso did in Les Demoiselles, or projected it through a more violent dislocation of form. Even the melon that sweet and pulpy fruit, looks like a weapon†. But are there any other reasons why Picasso gives these women these shocking forms? Looked at in this way, it could be said that Les Demoiselles carries a message of filth and disease through its representation of these prostitutes, the crouching figure the most so. It is as if Picasso has deliberately mutated the figures as a way to express the rising cultural awareness and effects of venereal disease, which had become a major threat to prostitutes’ and their clients lives and each prostitute in the painting depicts a stage in the effects of sexual disease and decay. The whole painting gives an impression of uneasiness, because it breaks all the traditional rules of Art and also because it shows a disturbing scene that offers no sensuous interpretation; the Demoiselles are not pretty, they look barely human and some even interpret their distorted faces as the signs of illness. Pablo Picasso’s painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignon is a wonderful piece of art, and the style in which the picture is painted is very typical of Picasso. The artist completed the picture in the beginning of the previous century, in 1907, and used oil on canvas. Generally, Pablo Picasso is famous for unnaturally distorted figures in his paintings of that year, and Les Demoiselles d’Avignon is a great example. The picture is now hanging in the Museum of Modern Art in New York. In collusion, Picasso contributed a great deal to the world. He gave the world 50,000 timeless pieces of work. He helped express his opinions on violence and the Spanish Civil War. And finally Picasso contributed Les Demoiselles d’Avignon and cubism. Picasso was and extremely talented person and artist who gave the world a great deal of innovations and opinions and artwork. References www. faculty. mdc. edu www. pablopicasso. org http://search. proquest. com/docview/398999057? accountid=32521) http://search. proquest. com/docview/246571101? accountid=32521) www. ttexshevles. blogspot. com How to cite Picasso Final Paper, Papers

Ku Klux Klan Essay Example

Ku Klux Klan Essay Guilty of 4 killings, one mutilation, one blinding by acid, 41floggings, 27 tar-and-feather parties, 5 kidnappings, 43 warnings to leave town, and 16 parades at which threatening placards were carried.(Meltzer 2). New York World, October 1921Who are these people who would be so audacious as to commit these crimes? This is the work of the Ku Klux Klan and from their innocent start to their rebirth and revival, through their power highs and lows; the Klan has always been a force of terror and a symbol of hate throughout our Nations history. The Ku Klux Klan has been described as an underground terrorist army rebelling against the government.(Meltzer 6). Ironically, the Ku Klux Klan actually began by some soldiers after the Civil War to bring about a diversion from the Souths loss and defeat (Cook 9-10). They ended up making a club and naming it Ku Klux Klan (from Kuklis, a Greek word meaning bond or circle), dressing up in pillowcases and linens on themselves and their horses, and r iding off to serenade their sweethearts (9-10). After having seen the terror effect they had on people, the soldiers saw they could use their club, what started as a little prank, to put Southern society back into what it had been (12). Only a year after the start of the Klan in 1865, there were hundreds of local units in operation in every state from Virginia to Texas, all under the command of Nathan Bedford Forest (Meltzer 6). The purpose of the Klan was to control the newly freed slaves, black voters, and the Northern politicians (Carpetbaggers) that had taken control of the Confederate States (Cook 2). The Klan, full of hate a terror, took control of the Presidential election in 1877 and made a compromise that let the Republican candidate win, but allowed the South to do what they want with the blacks

The eNotes Blog Slim ShadyShakespeareTuning up theBard

Slim ShadyShakespeareTuning up theBard . I just finished teaching Twelfth Night to my college freshmen and sophomores. I wanted to find a way to have them connect with the play in a way that might be enjoyable and spark their creativity. What I settled on was music. If there is anything late teens and early twenty-somethings can agree on, its that its much more fun to listen to music than to, say, figure out why on earth nobody recognizes Viola as Cesario. To that end, I asked teams of 2-3 students to update one or more of the songs in the play AND set them to a modern beat. As amenable as they all seemed to be to the idea, I wasnt sure how fair this project would be to some of the less musically-inclined of our class. There are a fair number of musicians: a guitar player, a few rappers, somebody who plays piano. But of course, there are many more with musical ability pretty well limited to hitting Download Now. As the teams first began to work, there was the predictable whining of   I dont know what this meeeeeeeeeeeannnnnns! but after walking them through a line or two, most realized they were making the task harder than it need have been. For example, take these lines from Festes song in Act 2.4: Fly away, fly away breath; / I am slain by a fair cruel maid. The lines were re-written and   performed (see link below) by two of my own Clowns, in rap, to the tune of Ice, Ice, Baby: I can feel my spirit drifting away; / A beautiful girl has done me this way. Thats part of the beauty of Shakespeare, is it not? It didnt take my class long to catch on because Shakespeare consistently speaks to human emotions and situations that are universal and timeless. Other students took the project in different ways. There was a lovely rendition of Festes song Oh Mistress Mine, from Act 2.3. For this song, the student wrote his own music and took it in a kind of gentle, John Mayer-ish direction. Another group of girls, who professed that they had zero musical talent, found a couple modern recordings of songs in the play and blended them together using a music editing program to create an interesting techno-beat. As always when assigning creative work, I give the class a great deal of freedom. As Olivia says, Love sought is good, but giv’n unsought is better (3.1.122). I think the same can be said for creativity. Get out of the way and let it happen.

Ace Your University of Wisconsin Personal Statements

Ace Your University of Wisconsin Personal Statements The University of Wisconsin System has a holistic admissions process that includes at least one personal statement. The flagship campus in Madison requires two essays. Applicants can apply using either the Common Application or the University of Wisconsin Application. This article addresses strategies for responding to the essay prompts.   Personal Statements for the University of Wisconsin-Madison The main campus of the University of Wisconsin in Madison is the most selective of all the UW schools, and it has an application separate from all the other campuses. It also asks for two personal statements. If you apply using the Common Application, you will need to respond to one of the seven essay prompts. This gives you the freedom to write about anything you choose, for not only do the prompts cover a wide range of topics, but option #7 allows you to write on a topic of your choice.   If you use the University of Wisconsin application,  the first essay prompt asks the following: Consider something in your life you think goes unnoticed and write about why its important to you. You have so many options here that you might find the essay prompt daunting. As you figure out what the something in your life is that you should write about, keep in mind the reason why UW-Madison is asking this question. The admissions process is holistic, so the university wants to get to know you as a whole person, not just as a set of empirical data such as grades, class rank, and standardized test scores. Your extracurricular activities and employment history are part of the holistic portrait, but they dont tell the whole story.   Use this prompt to explore something that isnt obvious from the rest of your application. If one of your jobs or extracurricular activities is particularly important to you, you could use this essay to explain why that is so (much like a typical  short answer essay  on the Common Application). Or you could use this essay to present a side of your personality that doesnt appear on your application at all. Perhaps you like rebuilding motorcycles, fishing with your younger sister, or writing poetry. Almost anything thats important to you is fair game here, just make sure you follow through and explain  why  its important to you. If you fail to address the why of the question, youve failed to present the admissions folks a full window into your passions and interests. The second essay prompt is the same whether you use the Common Application or the UW Application. It asks the following: Tell us why you decided to apply to the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In addition, share with us the academic, extracurricular, or research opportunities you would take advantage of as a student. If applicable, provide details of any circumstance that could have had an impact on your academic performance and/or extracurricular involvement. UW-Madison has packed a lot into this essay prompt, and it might be best to view it as three essay prompts, not one. The first- why UW-Madison?- is typical of the supplemental essays for many other colleges. The key here is to be specific. If your answer could be applied to schools other than UW-Madison, then youre being too vague and generic. What  specifically  about UW-Madison appeals to you? What unique features of the university distinguish it from other places youre considering? Similarly, with the question about academic, extracurricular and research opportunities, be sure to do your research. Make sure you know what the university offers so that you know what opportunities you can take advantage of should you be admitted. UW-Madison is trying to make sure applicants are familiar with the university and can imagine themselves being active and engaged members of the campus community. When it comes to explaining circumstances that may have had a negative impact on your grades and extracurricular involvement, keep in mind that this part of the prompt is optional. As the article Should You Explain A Bad Grade? notes, youre not always doing yourself a favor if you make a big deal out of slightly off semester in high school. That said, if you did have a major disruption in your life- a significant injury, a death of a parent or sibling, divorce of your parents, or an ill-timed move to a different school- it can be a good idea to comment on the event if it impacted your academic or extracurricular record in a significant way. The Personal Statement for all Other UW Campuses For all of the other University of Wisconsin campuses, youll be asked to respond to this personal essay prompt: Please tell us about the particular life experiences, talents, commitments and/or interests you will bring to our specific campus that will enrich our community. The question is refreshing in its directness, for, in truth, it is asking what every college admissions essay asks- How will you enrich our community? Colleges want more than students with good grades and high test scores; they also want students who will contribute to campus life in a positive way. Before you write your essay or take part in a college interview, youd be wise to figure out your own answer to the question. What is it that you will contribute? Why will the college be a better place because of your presence? Think about your hobbies, your sense of humor, your quirks, your academic passions... all of the features that make you you. Each of the Common Application essay options  is really getting at this very issue. Whether you are writing about a a challenge youve faced, a problem youve solved, an important accomplishment in your life, or an important dimension of your life experiences, a good essay shows that you bring to campus the type of passion and personality that will enrich the university community. Make Your University of Wisconsin Essay Shine You have lots of breadth in choosing what to write about, but youd be wise to steer clear of bad essay topics that often go astray. Also, dont just focus on what to write, but also how you write it. Pay attention to the style of your essay so that your narrative is tight, engaging, and powerful.   Also be sure to follow the tips on the UW website. One important tip relates to your essay length. While the application allows you to write essays that are up to 650 words, UW recommends essays in the 300-500 word range. While you may be tempted to use the entire available space, youd be wise to heed the universitys recommendation and exceed 500 words.

Cash rate, loan rate, equity funding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cash rate, loan rate, equity funding - Essay Example This can be attributed to the increased cost of debt funding for the major banks in Australia. Study of major banks’ fund composition shows that the banks are shifting their focus towards deposits and long term borrowings more and there has been a decline in share of short term debt in banks funding. Amongst others, higher deposit rates have contributed significantly towards increase in debt funding costs for banks. Although the share of equity has also increased in the banks’ funding composition but it has not contributed much towards changes in housing loan rates, since they are less risky. Until recently, in 2011, the spread between standard housing loan rate and cash rate has reduced by about 10 basis points due to the increase in discounts offered by the banks on new mortgages, but it’s only a small reduction compared to the overall spread. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Widening of the spread between the major-banks standard variable housing loan rat e and the RBA’s cash rate since 2007 4 RBA’s Cash Rate 4 Variable Housing Loan Rate and Cash Rate 4 Composition of Banks’ Funding 5 Cost of Debt and Equity Funding 5 Pricing for Risk and Banks’ Housing Loan Rates 6 Conclusion 6 List of Graphs 7 References 10 Bibliography 12 Widening of the spread between the major-banks standard variable housing loan rate and the RBA’s cash rate since 2007 RBA’s Cash Rate The key objective of RBA’s monetary policy is to lower the inflation rate, targeting around 2 to 3%. Other objectives of RBA’s monetary policy include low unemployment rate and maintaining a stable growth of Australian economy. Cash rate is the primary tool which is used by RBA to regulate the monetary policy in the country. It increases target cash rate when the inflation pressure is in excess of the RBA’s target and it decreases the target cash rate when the economy can grow at a faster rate without creating any infla tion problem (Lowe, 1995, p. 3-15). If we look at the history of RBA’s cash rate, it can be inferred that there has been a steady increase in cash rate from 2007 till mid 2008, which was the beginning of Global Financial Crisis (GFC). Then there was a sharp decline in cash rate during the period of mid 2008 till April, 2009. The cash rate was as low as 3% and continued to be so till September, 2009. Since October, 2009, there had been a steady increase in cash rate (Graph 1). Until recently there had been minor cuts in cash rate and is at 4.25%, as of today (RBA, n.d.). Variable Housing Loan Rate and Cash Rate The trend of standard variable housing loan rates is believed to follow the trend of cash rate. It is so because the household cost of funds are driven by the cash rate. If we compare the standard variable housing loan rate with cash rate, we find an overall strong correlation between these two rates over the years but with some anomalies in between (Graph 2). If we wat ch closely, it can be found that there has been an increasing spread between the major bank’s standard variable housing loan rate and the cash rate since 2007. This increase in variable housing loan rate by major banks relative to the cash rate can be attributed to the increase in bank’s cost of debt funding. In addition to this, higher equity funding costs and increase in expected losses have also attributed to this widening of spread between the two rates. Until recently, in 2011, the spread has reduced by about 10

Social Unrest, Political Disorder and the State Essay

Social Unrest, Political Disorder and the State - Essay Example Such easy formation came as a result of the isolation which Ireland had due to its geographical location. Just like any organized crime group or a terrorist group, the IRA has a method of operating in a hierarchical manner with exclusive membership and explicit rules (Mahan and O’Neil 1998, p.6) Although, IRA does not consider itself to be an organized criminal group in any way, neither as a mafia of any sort, but when analyzed closely, it does appear to have a historical background of being involved in criminal activities and terrorism. But they have evolved from merely a rural peasant protection group to a secret society which constantly challenged against the status quo. According to Mackenzie, there are different agendas which secret societies have, ranging from spiritual, moralistic, patriotic, and political to criminal activities (Mackenzie 1967). The IRA has experienced a similar process of evolution over the years and operated in a corresponding manner in each of the c ases as per circumstances. Furthermore, the IRA shares organizational characteristics which befit only criminal business groups with much focus diverted towards their political goals (Bell, 1997). For the purposes of analyzing the IRA and its methodology, ethnographical research method is deemed to be most appropriate. According to Hobsbawm’s observation (1969), in any oppressed society, there is always to be found a minority group which is willing to devote itself to rebelling against the status quo. In that, some people will choose positive methods and some will be inclined towards illegal means to achieve the same end. One feature that stands out in the IRA is that it was basically formed to raise a solemn voice against oppressing conditions of the peasants in Ireland and the high degree of feudal practices to suppress the masses There was massive unrest especially after the forceful 1800 Act of Union was passed by Westminster to create United Kingdom, which ended up bindi ng Ireland under its rule. This is a significant curve at the point of which the peasant protection group was compelled to take political action (Toolis, 1995). As there increased the number of peasants willing to fight for the political cause they all believed in, the need for more organized formation arose and hence, the IRA was formed. ‘The Whiteboys’ and ‘the Oakboys’ along with ‘phoenix’ were a precursor in Ireland for forming such hierarchical groups for cohesion and organization with enhanced sophistication. It became a sub-culture within a sub-culture (Lambart, 2010). Something that gives them authority is their ability to monopolize violence in their respective communities. Traditionally, Ireland is known for its familial unit and camaraderie, hence the rise of the IRA has its roots in such a background. Those who were out of any secure means for livelihood sought shelter in such organizations for mutual protection (Collins, 1986). The modus operandi of the IRA depends on the kinship and friendship networks that it has developed through practicing its hold on its community. If there is kept no check from the government’s side on their activities, they spread their values and ideologies very easily. Even there had been such fortunate historical events in favor of the IRA where their sub-culture has proliferated with changing

Quality Care In The NHS

Quality Care In The NHS 1. What is meant by quality in the phrase quality of care? Quality, broadly speaking, is a subjective measure of excellence and when applied to health care, quality can be understood as systems and provisions of care said to be free from defects, deficiencies, and significant variations. Within the NHS, this encompasses the provision of high quality primary, secondary and community care in which the interests of patients are protected through a comprehensive set of nationally aligned policies. Lord Darzi defines quality of care as clinically effective, personal and safe. How is this achieved? Within the NHS, quality is achieved through robust regulation, inspection, standard setting, change management, community and patient advocacy, alongside continual assessment of clinical competency (Leatherman and Sunderland, 2003). Quality is about effectiveness of care, from the clinical procedure the patient receives to their quality of life after treatment. The Equity and excellence: Liberat ing the NHS white papers assertion is that to achieve our ambition for world-class healthcare outcomes, the service must be focused on outcomes and quality standards that deliver them. Leatherman S, Sutherland K, (2003) The quest for quality in the NHS: a mid term evaluation of the ten year quality agenda. London: The Stationery Office, 2. In 2008, the Department of Health published the report High quality care for all: NHS Next Stage Review final report. 30 June 2008. (a) Please summarise the main approaches to improving quality proposed by the report (b) compare and contrast these approaches to those described in Gwyn Bevans editorial (quoted from above). The Department of Health report approaches improving quality by: High Quality Care for All proposes that all providers of NHS healthcare services should produce a Quality Account: an annual report to the public about the quality of services delivered. The Health Act 2009 places this requirement onto a statutory footing. Stringent regulation from bodies with increased statutory powers. The Care Quality Commission will have new enforcement powers. NICE will be expanded to set and approve more independent quality standards. New Quality Observatories will be established in every NHS region to inform local quality improvement efforts Strategic health authorities will have a new legal duty to promote innovation. This will be twinned with a portal to share evidence-based, best practice among clinicians and other NHS staff. Devolvement of power to ensure the involvement of clinicians in decision making at every level of the NHS. The introduction of medical directors and quality boards feature at regional and national level Increasing patient information and choice will be introduced in the first NHS Constitution. Patient information will include the systematically measure and publish information about the quality of care from the frontline up. Individualisation will become the key to the way in which patients are handled with a personalised care plan. Noting that one size doesnt fit all. Incentivisation of care outcomes will include a new best practice tariff and the paper suggests this will make funding reflect quality of care. Partnership will be embraced, utilising local authorities, with the services offered personalised to meet the specific needs of their local populations Prevention not just treatment will be paramount with focus on improving health as well as treating sickness. Bevans editorial evaluates the internal market systems that have been tested within the NHS according to the Audit Commission and the Health Care Commissions paper Is treatment working? Suggesting that despite the core intention of the internal market models to improve quality and efficiency of services for patients, as Black insists, there is little evidence to suggest that this has resulted from past models or alternatively the scrapping of the internal market when Labour came to power in 1997; i.e. formation of foundation trusts, increased commissioning autonomy, patient choice or the incentivisation of health outcomes (payment by results). The NHS internal market models aimed to keep healthcare costs low by forcing providers to compete for patients not compete on the basis of quality. A stark contrast in rhetoric is seen in the proposals that are raised in the report, where marketization is the key driver of systemic improvement in quality of care. The High quality care for all: NHS Next Stage Review final report shows the need for a more market-orientated strategy: a patient choice-led approach to hospital funding, the removal of barriers preventing the use of private health providers to carry out NHS work, and the devolution of management and budgetary control from Whitehall to local communities. It appears reform is circular and the report bears a resemblances to pre-1991 measures where received funding was based on local populations. While the Report is indicative of the need for a tripartite arrangement for achieving quality, with stakeholders as informants and agents for change, Bevan argues that the internal market model proposed, although attractive, relies on the assumptions that purchasers can be effective commissioners and that failing providers will be removed from the market. The centrepiece of the White Paper reforms and Operating Framework is the handing over of decisions on care, treatments and commissioning solely to GPs, ultimately creating a stable internal model where there will be a quality equilibrium. GPs will be burdened with the challenge of acting as a middleman between the patient and provider, ultimately as a gateway to funding and care. They with fundamentally be dismantling the current monopoly of care provision. Their decision making will be accountable to local communities and a board. This new buyer position is thought to remove duplication of population care commissioning and streaml ine decision making to where the Government foresees a natural place to put this responsibility. Propper et al, (2003) noted that in 1991, the Conservatives created a set of buyers, funded by central government, who were free to purchase health care for their populations from both public and private sector suppliers. Public sector suppliers were therefore not given direct funding, but were set to compete with each other, alongside a small private sector, for contracts from these public buyers. The autonomy of Foundation Trusts as buyers, in Bevans opinion, has led to a free market of care with little standardisation, with the private sector benefitting from the poor levels of governance most. Bevanss editorial suggests this may have benefit to the population because so much healthcare cost is driven by decisions that GPs make and should not be guided by ministerial change. Unviable providers will be pushed out of the market by new entrants, creating a self-regulated, internal market. The White Paper suggests there is evidence that health systems work better where budgets and spending power are moved as close to patients as possible. Providers will be paid according to their performance. Furthermore, that a bottleneck on the road to driving the quality agenda is linked to ministerial involvement in the day-to-day running of the NHS. This new public management gives GPs greater autonomy, placed them at arms length from the government, interlinks purchasing and providing functions, and increases competition with quality in mind. GPs will be responsible for all aspects of performance; acting as bureaucratic gatekeepers for all care needs their patients, and potential scapegoa ts for ministerial politicking. As it stands, effectiveness of this system is being hindered by hierarchical bureaucracy and political micromanagement on both a local and national level, including politically driven reforms with each new government. The report suggests the forced autonomy of GP Consortia, comparatively to Bevan whom notes the earned autonomy system, in which, the independent health care inspectorate awarded each NHS provider an annual star rating of zero to three stars. Providers that scored well on the star ratings gain small financial bonuses but win much greater operational freedom, and the ability to apply to become an independent not-for-profit NHS foundation trust status. Autonomy was the incentive as this gave managers more choice. At the other end of the spectrum, providers that score zero stars are placed on special measures, and if progress is not soon forthcoming, their management is replaced. Bevan suggests that measures of Provider performance (cost, equity of access, outcomes, patient satisfaction etc.) have proved difficult to progress forward and that only patients acting as consumers has left a marked change on the system. I think it is questionable whether in the short term, GP buying powers wi ll drive quality in a market in which there are few providers. The 2008 DH report takes note of such and relays the importance of an individualised service in which patient information to inform choice will breed quality. Patient choice and measures of satisfaction will simultaneously puts more pressure on providers to increase performance of measured care outcomes, which in turn become incentivised by cash rewards. They foresee GP consortia, evaluating Services considered to be sub-standard and withdrawing them from service if patient satisfaction and quality care outcomes are not met. Propper, C., Burgess, S., and Gossage, D. (2003).Competition and quality: Evidence from the NHS internal market 1991-1999. Unpublished paper, University of Bristol. 3. As one of the accompanying papers to the White Paper Liberating the NHS, the DH has recently published Transparency in outcomes a framework for the NHS.http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Consultations/Liveconsultations/DH_117583 Please summarise the main approaches to improving quality proposed by this consultation. The NHS Operating Frame is an accountability framework which should, if followed, ensure that the NHS Commissioning Board works to deliver better healthcare outcomes. This will be through measures that are valid, reliable and sensitive to change, notably evidence-based outcome measures, not process targets. The outcomes and incentives emerging from the frameworks will be organised around 5 national outcome goals /domains that cover all treatment activity for which the NHS is responsible. Outcomes appear to be related to feasibility, cost of improvements and pre-existing data sets. Quality of care as advocated by Lord Darzi in realised in three of the domains; patient experience, safety and effectiveness. The domains fail to include outcomes of access/equity, expediency in service or efficiency, which seems to underlie previous national reforms imposed by the Labour Government in 1997. The Operating Framework fails to identify purposeful ways of addressing deficiencies and poor outcom e performance. Incentives and regulation are suggested but may not be drivers. Each of these five areas will have: outcome indicators improvement areas according to evidence (collected data, patient surveying of experience, etc) Quality standards, developed by NICE, will inform the commissioning of all NHS care and payment systems. Measuring and reporting on outcomes will focus the attention of clinicians and managers on how well they are doing, where the gaps might be between actual performance and the high aspirations of those who use the NHS. I dont believe all the outcomes are necessarily reliable measures of quality. In Domain 2, for example, there is a focus on functional outcomes and qualities of life for long term illness, which may lead to patients to receive care they do not want. A great deal of the outcomes will be developed through incrementalism, for example those related to compassion, dignity and respect as indicators of the quality of care. The measured outcomes should represent the overall quality of healthcare provided by the NHS, as well as being responsive to population need and demand. The outcomes should also be attributable directly to the actions of health care provided within the NHS, to enable accountability. Best practice should be identified and used as a basis for ensuring that the framework itself does not propagate practice that in itself leads, however indirectly, to inequalities. Key to the five high level outcome/domains is the need for a whole system approach in aspiring for complete transparency, effectiveness and patients exercising appropriate choices, alongside a need to balance local priorities. Seven principles underpin the framework which are intended to improve the quality of health care, these are: Balanced between need and demand Accountability and transparency Internationally comparability Patient and clinician centred environments and service delivery. Excellence and equality promotion Adaptability and focus on outcomes that can be forged in partnership with other public services. International comparability The Health Secretary will be able to hold the new independent NHS Commissioning Board to account for securing improved health outcomes, and measuring the outcomes that are most important to patients and healthcare professionals. These will be backed up by authoritative, evidence-based quality standards that will ensure everyone understands how those outcomes can be achieved Based on past experience, what do you think are the likelihoods of success of this latest initiative? Please ensure that you consider these in the context of the likely challenges for the NHS over the next few years. (Please cite references if referring to evidence of the impact of previous initiatives). The attention of policymakers is always firmly fixed on the future and rarely on documented measures of progress to assess the impact of one set of reforms, before the next wave of organizational change. Political values dominate empirical evidence for reform. With such levels of political uncertainty, it is hard to evaluate if in five years time, a general election will lead to a change in leadership and new Health Minister. With this in mind, change often does not necessarily make best use of available resources, skills and knowledge. The direct influence of research evidence on decision making is often tempered by factors such as financial constraints, shifting timescales and decision makers own experiential knowledge (Elliott 1999). With devolvement of power to local government, there is need for a precise balance to be struck between strategies based on choice and competition on the one hand, and local voice and democratization on the other. On its own, I dont think the NHS reforms will create a patient-led system. It is the people, the leaders and staff of the NHS, who will make or break the change process. Central to this, is the way in which the White Paper reforms will radically change the way in with GPs work collaboratively with providers to better the health and social care of the population they serve. Reorganisation will ultimately mean GPs will have to create new organisations and learn new skills. This will take behavioural change that is likely to be unwelcomed, as theres a shift towards increased paperwork and decreased patient time. GPs have shown considerable levels of apathy towards working reforms and changes in service delivery in the past, including contracted hours. For example, previously published opinion has indicated that the medical profession were predominantly opposed to the package of NHS reforms outlined in the Working for Patients and were especially opposed to the administration of hospital s by self-governing trusts (Lister, 1990). GP consortia will be exactly that, self-operating. As the Operating Framework enters its live consultation it will be important to gather evidence as to strength of feeling with which those opinions, either for or against various aspects of the NHS reforms are held. Reform is costly, since managers and other NHS professionals invest a huge amount of time and effort with each re-organization. The NHS faces the need to make cost savings of  £15-20 billion over the next four years. It is faced with the challenge to create better health outcomes with less resources. Moving to the new system, maintaining control of day-to-day services, and implementing these savings is going to require skilled management. This at time when the NHS is shedding much of its management workforce and when managers have been under political attack. Introduced in 2004 as part of the General Medical Services Contract, the QOF is a voluntary incentive scheme for GP practices in the UK, rewarding them for how well they care for patients. the higher the score, the higher the financial reward for the practice. The very suggestion that this was voluntary implies that not everyone welcomed such change. The introduction of a free market, in which providers can tender for supplying a service as opposed to an internal market, could serve to drive efficiency savings and quality of care. However, accountability and patient choice would require considerably management and information sharing across GP consortia. Department of Health. Payment by Results. London: DoH, 2002. 5. One of the differences in the current UK coalition governments approach to improving quality, compared to previous governments, is in the use of targets. Targets are defined by the DH (DH 2004) as: Targets refer to a defined level of performance that is being aimed for, often with a numerical and time dimension. The purpose of a target is to incentivise improvement in the specific area covered by the target over a particular timeframe. List the possible benefits of using targets to improve health/health services and then list the potential disadvantages of using targets. Use examples (either from your experience or from what youve heard on the media) to illustrate your points. On balance, are you for or against publication? The benefits of health/ health services targets include: Supports priority setting Promotes consistency Improves commitment and fosters accountability Guides allocation of resources Milestones for incremental improvements The disadvantages of health/ health services targets include: Priorities may be misdirected and are often politically engineered Not always evidence based Hard to measure/quantify Not always related to health care outcomes Often cost related, not need related. Clouded by bureaucracy Often incentive driven ie pay to treat. One such health target in the Labour Governments Health Policy, the four-hour target, imposed in Accident and Emergency Departments has received mixed reviews. It was just one of a range of centrally imposed standards, most of them designed to speed up treatment. With such a target, volume of patients being treated and the expediency of their treatment is implied to be of greater importance that the quality of care or health outcomes of patients. The Guardian, (2010) reports In opposition Lansley had been critical of the way that targets distorted the behaviour of doctors, saying in the case of AE that people should be treated in relation to the severity of their injury not an arbitrary time limit. 6. The current government is strengthening the role of the regulator. Please summarise the role of the Care Quality Commission (CQC). What challenges do you think the CQC will face over the next few years? In April 2009, as the result of passing of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (2008 Act), the outcome-based regulator, Care Quality Commission (CQC) was officially established. Their primary role is to act as an independent regulator of the quality and capacity of health and adult social care. They are responsible for registering, reviewing and inspecting health, adult social care and mental health services to judge the clinical quality of healthcare. Regulation directly relates to the quality of care experienced by people, so called end users, who use the services and align to the Coalitions vision of a user-centred, integrated service with a strong focus on quality (CDC, 2010). Indeed, when services fail to meet the health and safety legal requirements of their compulsory registration, action against them is taken through strict enforcement powers. In the next few years, as we transition from one governance model to the next, exchanging power to a local level, improvements must be closely aligned to quality and substantial, evidence-based research. Research grants are being cut and it is likely public sector research, including health research, will suffer as result of such austerity. The CDCs broad remit to oversee NHS organisations is not limited to particular service areas or functions, like that of many of the existing regulators. They may find themselves over extending and unable to fully engage with the public in a transparent and meaningful way. As quality of care is embedded to offer assurance and to deliver improvements over time, there is potential for major disruption to be caused by the scale of the change management discussed within the White Paper. The CQCs model of regulation puts user involvement and community level accountability at the core of their actions. Though this is consistent with the changes implied within both the White Paper and Operational Framework, there is still considerable ambiguity surrounded where responsibility will lie across all regulated services, especially with the introduction of GP consortia. Until this is resolved and clarity found, ambiguity will only be escalated by poor engagement of stakeholders and insufficient information dissemination through the crucial transitional points. As patterns of service provision change, consistently identifying providers and commissioners, and then allowing for local communities to hold them to account for the services they provide may prove difficult. Once established within a professional capacity, the CDC will need to be aware of the information on outcomes and how it should be presented in a format that is accessible and meaningful to influence patient choice. Furthermore, in their role as an advocate of patients, as a consumer champion, the CDC will also be required to ensure that people who use services understand the care choices available to them and are involved in making decisions about their own care and support. The CDC (2010) note that Patient and public involvement in health organisation will be strengthened by the creation of HealthWatch England a new independent consumer champion within the Care Quality Commission. As a so called consumer champion, this suggests end user expectations may be heightened. Questions must be asked of how HealthWatch England shall be regulated.

Ing Life

ING Life Bo Sun CIS 505: Communication Technologies Strayer University Darcel  Ford, Ph. D. February 11, 2013 Difficulties and Risks Associated with Internet Originally, Internet was designed for absolute security environment. Therefore, the protocols which are consisting of the infrastructure of Internet have no security concerns. This means Internet is easily to be vulnerable. Although major part of security issues are from inside, Internet does take external threats. When users connect the Internet, the web browsers might contain breaches that permit scripts to access the system and may cause damages potentially.In addition, when information is transmitting through the public network, the transmission might be captured by someone else. This is known as man-in-the middle attack. (Dean, 2009) Another potential common risk associated with Internet is called reconnaissance threats. Attackers could detect the reachable networks, devices and services through the Internet connection, o r even draw an entire network map. Furthermore, DoS attack is another risk users could encounter when using Internet. Hackers attempts to over-whelm the system in order to make it shut down. Oppenheimer, 2011) Analyze ING’s Solution The security mechanism existing in the current ING’s network is implemented a fire between the external brokers and the internal servers. Basically, this is not enough to protect the network, especially, the information of ING involves private personal information. The information should be protected carefully. Securing Internet connection a variety of overlapping security mechanisms will be equipped to guarantee the security of the Internet connection.Common mechanisms include: firewalls, packet filters, physical security, audit logs, authentication and authorization. At the same time, technicians also need to implement packet filters to prevent the Internet routers from the DoS attacks. DoS attacks have great intimidation to public server s. In this condition, reliable operating system and applications are critical to solve the potential attacks. CGI and other types of scripts also could take care of the servers. Finally, firewall mechanism is efficient when facing Dos attacks.Firewall technologies, physical security, authentication and authorization mechanisms, auditing, and possibly encryption consist of the security mechanisms utilized on remote access (Oppenheimer, 2011). Besides these normal network security mechanisms, a proper routing protocol is also important to Internet connection. The selected protocol should support route authentication. And static and default routing is an issue need to be concerned because of potential compromised routing updates. Finally, clear police and comprehensive training for the employee is significant.After all, most security issues are leaded by human errors. Critique the Extranet Solution To support extranet connection for brokers is an excellent decision. It is simply for us ers to get access to the information which they needed. On the other hand, extranet is easily to be managed from the security aspect. Administrators could implement security mechanisms simply. Remote-access VPN is another way could be Implemented to connect the brokers. According to Oppenheimer, â€Å"Reomte-access VPNs permit on-demond access to an organization’s internetwork, via secure, encrypted connections. (Oppenheimer, 2011) This function is suitable for the remote uses which don’t need always connection. Users connect the corporate’s network through service provider’s network, this could decrease the budget of connection and the the work of network administritors. Install redundent mechanism could imprive brokers service. When primary database shut down, the backup devices could guarantee the network connection work normally. References Dean, T. (2009). network+ guide to networks. Mason: Cengage Learning. Oppenheimer, P. (2011). Top-down Network Design. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions.