Love Sonnets by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Sir Philip Sidney

Love is a difficult thing to express in words in any given language. It is near impossible to convey the paradoxical pain and pleasure of love that sounds dreadfully horrid but simultaneously magical. Most people are often confused and have a hard time figuring and sorting out exactly how they feel and felt about their love and relationship. However, to love someone or be loved by someone is a special gift, and to be able to convey your gratitude for whatever you received out of the relationship is an extremely intense and concentrated task. Poetry is one of the best ways to express oneself sincerely. With the time and convections that go into writing poetry, it allows the reader to think of exactly what he or she desires to say, and†¦show more content†¦The last quatrain is the ending to the narrator’s thought, which is then summarized in the ending couplet. The ending couplet reads: Then farewell world, thy uttermost I see; 13 Eternal Love, maintain thy life in me. 14 The ending couplet acts as a sort of last word for the sonnet. It is usually not specific, but generalized to convey the basic idea of the sonnet and what the author was essentially trying to say and what he has come to after his experiences. This gives the poem a very solid feel to the ending; it feels like a catharsis for the narrator. Although similar in form and topic, the theme and tone of the two sonnets are not entirely similar. Both of the sonnets are based on love and the complex emotions that come from it, but they both do not share the same end feeling toward the general concept of love. In Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder’s â€Å"Farewell, Love,† the narrator seems to be accepting of the failures that sometimes occur with love, and seems a little saddened and used by love and relationships. The tone that the narrator gives is that he has lived and experienced and doesn’t care or feel the desire to experience anymore. This is emphasized with the last two lines of the poem that read: For hitherto though I have lost all my time 13 Me lusteth no longer rotten boughs toShow MoreRelatedComparing Two Love Sonnets by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Sir Philip Sidney1797 Words   |  8 PagesLove is a difficult thing to express in words in any given language. It is near impossible to convey the paradoxical pain and pleasure of love that sounds dreadfully horrid but simultaneously magical. Most people are often confused and have a hard time figuring and sorting out exactly how they feel and felt about their love and relationship. However, to love someone or be loved by someone is a special gift, and to be able to convey your gratitude for whatever you received out of the relationshipRead MoreElizabethan Poetry Essay582 Words   |  3 PagesOf Singing Birds. Wyatt and Surrey In 1557 Tottel printed A Miscellany of Uncertain Authors commonly known as Tottels Miscellany. Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 - 42) and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517-47) made valuable contributions to this anthology. Wyatt transplanted the sonnet form from Italy to England.Both Wyatt and Surrey wrote sonnets based on the Petrarchan model, the form which immortalized by Shakespeare and Milton. They brought the theme romantic personal love in poetry to BritainRead MoreElizabethan Poetry941 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Puttenham’s The Arte of English Poesie (1589) and Sir Philip Sidney’s The Defense of Poesie (1595): early attempts to think about English poetry as a distinct national tradition. Puttenham and Sidney were concerned to build a canon and help shape English poetry into a tradition capable of rivalling more prestigious literatures (for example of Italy and France). The courtly lyric/ Petrarchan love sonnet introduced to English by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey: not the only poeticRead More Sonnets 18 and 130: Defending and Defying the Petrarchan Convention1241 Words   |  5 PagesSonnets 18 and 130: Defending and Defying the Petrarchan Convention  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the Renaissance, it was common for poets to employ Petrarchan conceit to praise their lovers. Applying this type of metaphor, an author makes elaborate comparisons of his beloved to one or more very dissimilar things. Such hyperbole was often used to idolize a mistress while lamenting her cruelty. Shakespeare, in Sonnet 18, conforms somewhat to this custom of love poetry, but later breaks out of the moldRead MoreSir Philip Sidney’s defence essay, â€Å"An apology for poetry,† refers to poetry â€Å"as an art of1900 Words   |  8 PagesSir Philip Sidney’s defence essay, â€Å"An apology for poetry,† refers to poetry â€Å"as an art of imitation [†¦] [that] speaks metaphorically† (Ferguson, Salter Stallworthy, 2005: 331). Sidney’s essay epitomises the pivitol importance and art of creating poetry. From the 1500’s to the 1660’s, England found itself a process of complete rebirth of all its importan t facets. Transformation in its social and cultural, as well as philosophical and religious approaches was evident. This transformational processRead MoreSonnet 9 Of Astrophil And Stella1254 Words   |  6 PagesA sonnet, 14-line poem, written about an unrequited love, meaning the love is not returned. They were originally written in Italian, until Sir Thomas Wyatt translated them into English. The poem shows a pursuit of the beloved with the narrator of the poem having an inner conflict between reason and passion. This comes to play in Sir Philip Sydney’s Astrophil and Stella. In his writing, The Defense of Poesy, he says the purpose of poetry is to teach and delight, and he does this in Astrophil and StellaRead MoreSynopsis Of A Poem Rhyme 1574 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is not true after I learned about the sonnet in class. Usually, sonnets use rhymes a lot. There are two major rhyme schemes on sonnet: Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet and Shakespearean (or English) Sonnet . Both of the sonnets have different rhyme schemes. A sonnet consists of a single stanza of fourteen lines. The lines are mainly iambic pentameter and linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. A sonnet is a poetic form, which originated in Italy. The sonnet was used in Italy, France, Spain, NetherlandsRead MoreElizabethan Era11072 Words   |  45 Pagesbetween France and England was largely suspended for most of Elizabeths reign. The one great rival was Spain, with which England clashed both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604. An attempt by Philip II of Spain to invade England with the Spanish Armada in 1588 was famously defeated, but the tide of war turned against England with an unsuccessful expedition to Portugal and the Azores, the Drake-Norris Expedition of 1589. Thereafter Spain providedRead Moreâ€Å"the Spirit of Renaissance and Elizabethan Era†5448 Words   |  22 Pagesfrom paradise in Paradise Lost; playwrights, such as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, composed theatrical representations of the English take on life, death, and history. Nearing the end of the Tudor Dynasty, philosophers like Sir Thomas More and Sir Francis Bacon published their own ideas about humanity and the aspects of a perfect society, pushing the limits of metacognition at that time. England came closer to reaching modern science with the Bac onian Method, a forerunner of the Scientific

The Secret Circle The Power Chapter Two Free Essays

â€Å"You’ve told the story your way,† Adam said. â€Å"Some of it’s been close to the truth, and some of it’s been just plain lies. But none of it happened exactly the way you told it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now † He looked around the Circle again. â€Å"I don’t care what you think of me,† he said, â€Å"but there’s somebody else involved here. And she† – he glanced at Cassie, just long enough for her to see his blue-gray eyes, still shining like silver – â€Å"doesn’t deserve to be put through this, especially not tonight.† A few of the coven members, notably Laurel and Melanie, looked away, slightly ashamed. But the rest simply stared, angry and mistrustful. â€Å"So what’s your side of the story?† Deborah said, scowling. Her expression said she felt she’d been taken in, and she didn’t like it. â€Å"First of all, it wasn’t like that when Cassie and I met. It wasn’t love at first sight . . .† Adam faltered for a moment, looking into the distance. He shook his head. â€Å"It wasn’t love. She helped me, she saved me from four outsider guys with a gun. The witch-hunting kind of outsiders.† He looked hard at Chris and Doug Henderson. â€Å"But she didn’t know – † Deborah began. â€Å"She didn’t know what I was, then. She didn’t know what she was. Witches were something out of fairy tales to her. Cassie helped me just because I needed help. These guys were after me, and she stashed me in a boat and sent them all off running in the wrong direction down the beach. They tried to get her to tell where I was, they even hurt her, but she didn’t give me up.† There was a silence. Deborah, who admired physical bravery above all other qualities, looked quizzical, her scowl smoothing out a little. Faye, though, was squirming like a fish trying to get off a hook, and her expression was unpleasant. â€Å"How sweet. The brave heroine. So you just couldn’t resist fooling around with her.† â€Å"Don’t be a jerk, Faye,† Adam said, giving Faye’s arm a little shake. â€Å"I didn’t do anything with her. We just – † He shook his head again. â€Å"I told her ‘thank you.’ I wanted her to know that I wouldn’t forget what she’d done – remember, at the time I still thought she was an outsider, and I’d never known an outsider who did anything like that for one of us. She was just this nice outsider girl; sort of quiet and pretty, and I wanted to say ‘thanks.’ But when I was looking at her I suddenly felt – as if we were connected somehow. It sounds stupid now, maybe, but I could almost see this connection†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The silver cord,† Cassie whispered. Her eyes were full, and she wasn’t aware she’d spoken aloud until she saw faces swing toward her. Melanie’s eyebrows went up and Diana looked startled too, maybe just at hearing Cassie break the silence she’d kept so long. Suzan’s rosebud lips were pursed into an O. â€Å"Yeah, I guess that was what it looked like,† Adam was saying, staring off into the distance again. â€Å"I don’t know – it was just this confused impression. But I did feel grateful to her, and I would have liked her for a friend – how about that, an outsider friend?† There were murmurs of amusement and unbelief. â€Å"And,† Adam said, looking straight at Diana, â€Å"that’s why I gave her the chalcedony rose you gave me.† No murmurs this time. Grim silence. â€Å"It was a token of friendship, a way to repay a debt,† Adam said. â€Å"I figured if she ever got in trouble, I could sense it through the crystal and maybe do something to help. So I gave it to her – and that was all I did.† He looked at Faye defiantly, and then even more defiantly around the group. â€Å"Except – yeah, right – I did kiss her. I kissed her hand.† Laurel blinked. The Henderson brothers looked at Adam sideways, as if to say he was crazy but they guessed it was his own business what bits of girls he kissed. Faye tried to look scornful, but it didn’t come off very well. â€Å"Then I left the Cape,† Adam said. â€Å"I didn’t see Cassie again until I came back up here for Kori’s initiation – which turned out to be Cassie’s initiation. But there’s one other important thing. In all the time I talked to Cassie I never told her who I was or where I was from. I never told her my name. So whatever she came up here and did – whatever poems she wrote, Faye – she didn’t know who I was. She didn’t know Diana and I were together. Not until that night when I showed up on the beach.† â€Å"So I suppose that’s a good reason for pretending you didn’t know each other, for sneaking around behind everybody’s back and meeting each other,† Faye said, on the offensive again. â€Å"You don’t know what you’re talking about,† Adam said tightly, looking as if he’d like to shake Faye again. â€Å"We didn’t sneak anywhere. The first time we ever talked alone was the night the skull ceremony in Diana’s garage went wrong. Yeah, that night on the bluff when your little spies saw us, Faye. But d’you know what Cassie said to me in our first conversation alone since we’d met? She said she was in love with me – and that she knew it was wrong. Ever since she’d found out it was wrong, ever since she realized that I wasn’t just some guy on the beach, but Diana’s boyfriend, she’d been fighting against it. She’d even taken an oath – a blood oath – not to ever show anybody, by word or look or deed, how she felt about me. She didn’t want Diana to find out and feel bad, or feel sorry for her. Does that sound like somebody who’s trying to sneak around ?† The Circle looked back at him. Soberly, Melanie said, â€Å"Let me get this right. You’re saying there’s nothing at all to Faye’s accusations?† Adam swallowed. â€Å"No,† he said quietly. â€Å"That’s not what I’m saying. That night on the bluff . . .† He stopped and swallowed again, and then his voice hardened. â€Å"1 can’t explain what happened, except that it was my fault, not Cassie’s. She did everything she could to avoid me, to keep out of my way. But once we were alone we were drawn together.† He looked at Diana without flinching, although the pain was evident in his face. â€Å"I’m not proud of myself, but I never meant to hurt you. And Cassie is completely innocent. The only reason she was speaking to me at all that night was that she wanted to give me back the chalcedony rose – so I could give it back to you. In all of this, she’s never been anything but honest and honorable. No matter what it cost her.† He stopped and his mouth turned grim. â€Å"If I’d known she was being blackmailed by this snake – â€Å" â€Å"I beg your pardon,† Faye interrupted, golden eyes flashing dangerously. Adam returned the look, just as dangerous. â€Å"That’s what it was, wasn’t it, Faye? Blackmail. Your little spies saw us that night – when we were saying good-bye, and swearing never to see each other alone again, and you decided to make the most of it. I knew there was something going on with you and Cassie after that, but I could never figure out what it was. Cassie was scared to death all of a sudden, but why she didn’t just come to me and tell me what you were up to . . .† His voice trailed off and he looked toward Cassie. Cassie shook her head mutely. How could she explain? â€Å"I didn’t want you caught up in it too,† she said in a voice scarcely above a whisper. â€Å"I was afraid you’d tell Diana, and Faye said if Diana found out†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What?† Adam said. When Cassie shook her head again he gave Faye’s arm a little shake. â€Å"What, Faye? If Diana found out it would kill her? Wreck the coven? Is that what you told Cassie?† Faye smirked. â€Å"If I did, it was only the truth, wasn’t it? As things turned out.† She wrenched away from Adam. â€Å"So you used her love for Diana against her. You blackmailed her to make her help you find the skull, right? I’ll bet it took some persuading.† Adam was only guessing, but his guess was dead on target. Cassie found herself nodding. â€Å"I found out where it was – â€Å" â€Å"But how?† Diana interrupted, blurting it, speaking for the first time directly to Cassie. Cassie looked into the clear green eyes with the tears hanging on the dark lashes and spoke directly back. â€Å"I did what Faye said,† she said tremulously. â€Å"First I looked in the walnut cabinet – remember when I stayed overnight and you woke up with me in the room? When the skull wasn’t there I thought I’d have to give up, but then I had a dream. It made me remember something I’d seen in your Book of Shadows, about purifying an evil object by burying it in sand. So I went and searched the beach and finally found the skull under that ring of stones.† Cassie paused, looking at Faye, her voice growing stronger. â€Å"Once I had my hands on it, though, I realized I couldn’t give it to Faye. I just couldn’t. But she had followed me and she took it anyway.† Cassie took a deep breath, making herself meet Diana’s eyes again, her own eyes begging Diana to understand. â€Å"I know I shouldn’t have let her have it. I should have stood up to her, then and afterward, but I was weak and stupid. I’m sorry now – I wish I’d just come and told you in the beginning, but I was so afraid you’d be hurt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tears were choking her voice now, and making her vision blur. â€Å"And as for what Adam said – about it all being his fault – you have to know that isn’t true. It was my fault, and at the Halloween dance I tried to make him kiss me, because I was so upset by then and I thought that nothing really mattered, since I was evil anyway.† There was wetness on Diana’s cheeks, but now she looked taken aback. â€Å"Since what?’ â€Å"Since I was evil,† Cassie said, hearing the terrible, stark truth in the simple words. â€Å"Since I was responsible for killing Jeffrey Lovejoy.† The entire coven stared at her, appalled. â€Å"Wait a minute,† Melanie said. â€Å"Run that by me one more time.† â€Å"Whenever anybody used the skull, it released dark energy, which went out and killed somebody,† Cassie said carefully and clearly. â€Å"Faye and I were the ones who used the skull before Jeffrey was killed. If it wasn’t for me, she couldn’t have used it, and Jeffrey would still be alive. So, you see, I’m responsible.† Animation was returning to Diana’s eyes. â€Å"But you didn’t know,† she said. Cassie shook her head fiercely. â€Å"That’s no excuse. There’s no excuse for any of it – not even for doing worse things because I thought I was evil anyway and what did it matter? It did matter. I listened to Faye and I let her bully me.† And I kept the hematite, she thought, but there was no point in getting into that. She shrugged, blinking more tears away. â€Å"I even let her make me vote for her for leader. I’m sorry, Diana – I’m so sorry. I don’t know why I did it.† â€Å"I do,† Diana said shakily. â€Å"Adam said it already – you were scared.† Cassie nodded. All the words she’d held back for so long were pouring out. â€Å"Once I started doing things for her, I couldn’t stop. She had more and more to blackmail me with. Everything just went more and more wrong and I didn’t know how to get out of it . . .† Cassie’s voice broke. She saw Faye, lip curled, step forward and try to say something, and she saw Adam shut her up with a single glance. Then she turned and saw Diana’s eyes. They were as luminous as peridot crystals held up to the light, liquid with unshed tears, but also with – something else. It was a look Cassie had never expected to see again, especially not directed at her. A look of pain, yes, but also of forgiveness and longing. A look of love. Something broke inside Cassie, something hard and tight that had been growing since she had started to deceive Diana. She took a stumbling step forward. Then she and Diana were in each others’ arms, both crying, both holding on with all their strength. â€Å"I’m so sorry, I’m so sorry for everything,† Cassie sobbed. It seemed a long time before Diana drew back, and when she did she stepped away from the group, turning to look into the darkness. Cassie wiped her cheeks with the back of her hand. The moon, hanging low on the horizon, shone like old gold on Diana’s hair. There was absolute silence except for the distant roar and crash of waves on the beach. The entire group stood motionless, as if waiting for something that none of them could quite define. At last Diana turned back to them. â€Å"I think we’ve all heard enough,† she said. â€Å"I think I understand, maybe not everything, but most of it. Listen, everybody, because I don’t want to say this again.† Everyone was quiet, their faces turned toward Diana expectantly. Cassie had the distinct feeling that a judgement was about to be rendered. Diana looked like a priestess or a princess, tall and pale, but resolute. There was a strange dignity about her, an aura of greatness and of certainty that belied the pain in her eyes. I’m waiting to hear my punishment, Cassie thought. Whatever it was, she deserved it. She glanced at Adam and saw he was waiting too. His expression asked no favors, but Cassie knew what he must be feeling underneath it. They both stood before Diana, connected by their crime, glad to have it in the open at last. â€Å"1 don’t want anybody to discuss what’s happened tonight again,† Diana said, her voice soft and distinct. â€Å"Not ever. Once I’ve finished talking we’ll all consider the subject closed.† She looked at Adam, not quite meeting his eyes. â€Å"I think,† she said slowly, â€Å"that I know how it must have been for you. These things happen sometimes. I forgive you. And as for you, Cassie – you’re even less to blame. There was no way for you to have known. I don’t blame either of you. All I ask – â€Å" Cassie drew a shuddering breath and broke in. She couldn’t hold back any longer. â€Å"Diana,† she said, â€Å"I want you to know something. All this time, underneath, I’ve been angry and jealous because Adam belonged to you and not me. Even up until tonight. But all that’s changed now – truly. Now all I want is for you and Adam to be happy. Nothing is more important to me than you – and the promise I made.† For an instant it crossed Cassie’s mind to wonder if Adam were less important, but she shoved the thought away and spoke earnestly, with utter conviction. â€Å"Adam and I – we both made that promise. If you’ll just give us another chance to keep it – just one more chance †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Diana was opening her mouth, but Cassie went on before she could speak. â€Å"Please, Diana. You’ve got to know that you can trust me – that you can trust us. You’ve got to let us prove that.† There was a slight pause, then Diana said, â€Å"Yes. Yes – you’re right.† She took a deep breath and let it out, looking at Adam almost tentatively. â€Å"Well, then, what if – if we just forget all about this for a while? Just – wipe the slate clean?† A muscle in Adam’s jaw jerked. Silently, he took the hand Diana extended toward him. Diana held her other hand out to Cassie. Cassie took it and held on tightly to the slim, cold fingers. She wanted to laugh and cry at once. Instead she just gave Diana a wobbly smile. Looking at Adam she saw that he was trying to smile too, although his eyes were dark as storm clouds over the ocean. â€Å"And that’s it?† Faye exploded. â€Å"Everything’s all right now, all sweetness and light? Everybody loves everybody and you’re all going home holding hands?† â€Å"Yes,† Adam snapped, giving her a hard look. â€Å"As for the last, anyway. We’re going home – it’s past time for that.† â€Å"Cassie needs to rest,† Diana agreed. The blank helplessness had left her entirely, and although she looked more fragile than Cassie had ever seen her before, she also looked determined. â€Å"We all need that.† â€Å"And we need to call a doctor – or somebody,† Deborah said unexpectedly. She inclined her head toward Number Twelve. â€Å"Cassie’s grandma . . .† â€Å"Whose side are you on?† Faye snarled. Deborah just gave her a cool look. Diana’s fingers tightened on Cassie’s. â€Å"Yes. You’re right, we’ll call Dr. Stern – and Cassie can come home with me.† Faye gave a short bark of laughter, but nobody laughed with her. Even the Henderson brothers were serious, their slanted eyes thoughtful. Suzan twisted a lock of strawberry-blond hair around her fingers, looking at Cassie’s and Diana’s intertwined hands. Laurel nodded encouragingly when Cassie glanced at her, and Melanie’s cool gray eyes shone with quiet approval. Sean chewed his lip, looking uncertainly from one member of the group to another. But it was Nick’s expression that surprised Cassie most. His face, usually so unemotional, was clearly strained, as if there were some violent struggle going on beneath the surface. There was no time to think about him now, though. No time even to think about Faye, who was seething uselessly, her plans to fracture the coven in ruins. Melanie was speaking. â€Å"Do you want to go by my house first, Cassie? Great-aunt Constance is looking after your mom, and if you want to see her †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cassie nodded eagerly. It seemed like a hundred years since she had seen her mother, since she had been inside that room filled with red light, looking at her mother’s glassy, empty eyes. Surely her mother would be all right by now; surely she would be able to tell Cassie what had happened. But when the three of them, Melanie, Cassie, and Diana, who hadn’t let go of Cassie’s hand on the short drive to Number Four, went into the house, Cassie’s heart sank. Melanie’s great-aunt, a thin-lipped woman with severe eyes, led them silently into a downstairs guest room. One look at the ghostly figure on the bed sent chills of dismay through Cassie’s bloodstream. â€Å"Mom?† she whispered, knowing already there would be no answer. God, her mother looked young. Even younger than she normally did, frighteningly young, unnaturally so. It was as if it weren’t Cassie’s mother on the bed there at all, but some little girl with dark hair and big haunted black eyes that vaguely resembled Mrs. Blake’s. A stranger. Not someone who was going to be of help to Cassie. â€Å"It’s okay, Mom,† Cassie whispered, stepping away from Diana to put a hand on her mother’s shoulder. â€Å"Everything’s going to be all right. You’ll see. You’re going to be just fine.† Her throat ached, and then she felt Diana gently leading her away. â€Å"You’ve both been through enough,† Melanie said once they were outside again. â€Å"Let us take care of things with the doctor – and the police, if they have to come. You and Cassie get some sleep.† The rest of the coven was waiting in the street, and they nodded in agreement when Melanie said this. Cassie looked at Diana, who nodded too. â€Å"Okay,† Cassie said. It came out faint and slightly hoarse and she realized how tired she was – bone-tired. At the same time she was light-headed, and the entire scene in front of her was assuming a dreamlike quality. It was just too strange to be standing out here in the wee hours of the morning, knowing that her grandmother was dead and her mother was in shock, and that she didn’t have a house to go back to. Yet there were no adults on the street, no commotion, only the members of the Circle and an eerie stillness. Come to think of it, why weren’t there any parents out here? Surely some of them must have heard what was going on. But the houses on Crowhaven Road remained shuttered and silent. On the way to Melanie’s house, Cassie thought she’d seen a light go off in Suzan’s house and a curtain whisk back at the Henderson’s. If any adults were awake, they weren’t getting involved. We’re on our own, Cassie thought. But Diana was beside her, and she could see Adam’s tall form silhouetted against the headlights of the coven’s parked cars. A sort of strength flowed into Cassie just at their nearness. â€Å"We’ve got to talk tomorrow,† she said. â€Å"There’s a lot I’ve got to tell you – all of you. Things my grandmother told me right before . . . before she died.† â€Å"We can meet at lunchtime on the beach – † Diana began, but Faye’s throaty voice cut her off. â€Å"No, we can’t. I’m the one who decides where the meetings are now, or had you forgotten?† Faye’s head was thrown back proudly, the silver crescent-moon diadem gleaming against the midnight-black of her hair. Diana opened her mouth, then shut it again. â€Å"All right,† Adam said with deceptive calmness, stepping out of the glare of headlights to stand by Faye. â€Å"You’re the leader. So lead. Where do we meet?† Faye’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"At the old science building. But – â€Å" â€Å"Fine.† Adam didn’t wait for her to finish; he turned his back on her. â€Å"I’ll drive you home,† he said to Diana and Cassie. Faye looked furious, but the three of them were already moving away. â€Å"By the way, Diana – happy birthday,† she called spitefully after them. Diana didn’t answer. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Two, Essay examples

Essay About Supervision free essay sample

University School of Education Supervision of Instruction EDPL 240 / 340 Room: Lalumiere 288; Tuesdays, 4:30 – 7:10 Spring, 2007 Instructor: Martin Scanlan, Ph. D. E-mail: martin. [emailprotected] edu Phone: 414-288-4434 Office hours: Schroeder Room 194 Tuesdays, 1:00 – 3:00, or by appointment Course description: Supervision of instruction focuses on creating and sustaining effective teaching and learning environments for students and educators. This course is designed to provide teachers, content specialists, and administrators with an introduction to how instructional leadership and supervision can enhance student learning and sustain school improvement. This course treats supervision as an instructional process, the aim of which is to improve instruction. Major topics include the meaning of supervision, supervision as leadership and as human relations, developing the supervision program, supervisory techniques, and evaluation in supervision. (3 credits) Required text: 1. Bransford, J. , Brown, A. , Cocking, R. (Eds. ). (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school (Expanded Edition ed. ). Washington, D. C. : National Academy Press. This text is also available electronically at http://www. nap. edu/books/0309070368/html/ 2. Glickman, C. , Gordon, S. , Ross-Gordon, J. M. (2007). SuperVision and instructional leadership: A developmental approach (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Other required readings will be available electronically on the course web site. This web site will also be used for various administrative tasks (e. g. discussion forum, assignment submission and grading, group coordination, quizzes). Since we will use this site extensively, access to a computer connected to the internet is required for successful completion of this course. EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 1 of 25 NOTE: All writing in class should be formatted according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed. . If necessary, students should purchase this text. Recommended texts: Students are required to select a book for an independent essay review. Some suggested texts: 1. Bredeson, P. (2002). Designs for learning: A new architecture for professional development in schools. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press. 2. Danielson, C. (1996). Enhancing professional practice: A framework for teaching. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. 3. Peterson, K. Peterson, C. (2006). Eff ective teacher evaluation: A guide for principals. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press. 4. Reeves, D. (2006). The learning leader: How to focus school improvement for better results. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. 5. Tomlinson, C. A. , McTighe, J. (2006). Integrating differentiated instruction and understanding by design: Connecting content and kids. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Course Standards and Performance Indicators This course will include content and skills to meet the following Wisconsin Standards and Indicators for Administrator Development and Licensure : The administrator has an understanding of and demonstrates competence in the 10 teacher standards. (#1) The administrator leads by facilitating the development, articulation, implementation, and stewardship of a vision of learning that is shared by the school community. (#2) The administrator manages by advocating, nurturing and sustaining a school culture and instructional program conducive to pupil learning and professional growth. (#3). Students will be expected to regularly contribute to discussions, present new information, analyze supervisory situations, and work collaboratively with other members of the class. Assessments: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Participation: Class Presentation: Critical Task 11: Critical Task 12: Critical Task 13: Essay Book Review: 10% of final grade 15% of final grade 20% of final grade 20% of final grade 20% of final grade 15% of final grade Ongoing Weeks 7 – 11 Due Week 6 Due Week 9 Due Week 12 Due Week 14 : Participation (10% of final grade): The typical class meeting will consist of a discussion of required readings, and an in-class activity such as a guest speaker, a case study discussion or simulation. Since class discussions are vital to the success of the class, your attendance and participation are important and will contribute to your final course grade. Attendance: Given that most learning takes place via discussion, activities, and other experiences in the classroom, please att end all class sessions, arrive on time, stay the entire class, and return promptly from breaks. If an emergency situation occurs when you must miss all or part of a class, please let me know in writing before your absence. Preparation: Students are expected to carefully prepare all readings and to participate in class discussions from an informed perspective. For each class meeting, students should have generated at least three (3) questions or insights regarding the reading assignment and be prepared to initiate or facilitate class discussion. Participation: Participation in class requires coming prepared and will include leading discussions, role-playing, and actively listening to colleagues. Successful class discussions involve tolerance and respect for the diversity of opinions expressed by your colleagues. While overt expressions of intolerance, such as sneers, eye rolling and dismissive gestures, are clearly objectionable, subtler behaviors, such as zoning out or dominating class discussion are also not acceptable. Opening and Closing of the Class Session: All participants are asked to lead a fiveminute opening and closing ritual for one class period. This is a ritual that can signal that our class is ready to begin, and at the end of the class, signal the transition out of the class. This ritual, aligned with the Ignatian pedagogy that imbues Marquette University, attempts to help us be mindful and reflective in our pursuit of knowledge and theory. Please try to tie your opening and closing to our course content. Examples of openings and closings include reading / sharing copies of a favorite quote or short reading, a EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 4 of 25 favorite song on CD or tape, or a sacred moment in an educational setting that held particular significance to you. Participation Grading: Participation and attendance will be graded pass/fail weekly. You will only be notified if you receive a failing grade. An unexcused absences is automatically a failing grade. Students who receive 2 failing grades in participation will be required to conference with the professor to discuss the concerns. : Oral Presentation on a topic related to supervision. (15% of final grade) Students will choose to research a topic related to the course themes that they believe would be beneficial to present to other educators. Students will then prepare an annotated bibliography of 5 – 8 journal articles from within the past 5 years. Students are required to conduct a research consultation with a reference librarian to facilitate this review. Finally, students will prepare a 20 – 30 minut e class presentation on this topic. The presentation should incorporate technology and be modeled in a manner to be presented to colleagues in your school setting, such as at a faculty, board, or home/school meeting. See Attachment A for a complete description/rubric. 3: Critical Task 11: 5-Year Professional Development Plan for Beginning Teachers (20% of final grade) – due 2/20 See Attachment B for a full description/rubric of this task. 4: Critical Task 12: Case Study and Analysis of Professional Growth Plan for School (20% of final grade) – due 3/13 See Attachment C for a full description/rubric of this task. : Critical Task 13: Evaluation of Teacher Using Supervisory Model (20% of final grade) – due 4/3 See Attachment D for a full description/rubric of this task. 6: Essay book review (15% of final grade) This essay book review (3000 – 4000 words) will review a book chosen by the student within the context of the goals and objectives of this course. The review should integrate key concept s addressed throughout the course and serve as an opportunity to articulate a cohesive vision of how instructional leadership and supervision can enhance student learning and sustain school improvement. Essay Book Review Rubric Presents key concepts of book Integrates key concepts / literature from class Articulates vision of teaching / learning community Writing quality TOTAL /5 points /5 points /5 points /5 points /20 points EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 5 of 25 NOTE: All assignments must be submitted electronically as Word attachments through D2L and/or emailed to the instructor, on or before the stated deadline. ? Technical accuracy (spelling, grammar, usage, citations, paragraphing, etc. ) will be required. APA formatting should be used. ? Mature composition skills (clarity, cohesiveness, varied sentence structure, appropriate vocabulary, etc. ) will also be expected. If you are taking the class as EDPL 340, contact me about assessment adjustments. Grading procedures: This course follows policies of Marquette University on grading and academic honesty addressed in detail in the Graduate Bulletin: http://www. marquette. edu/grad/current/bulletin. shtml Specific grading for each of the student responsibilities is described above. A = Excellent (94 – 100%) AB = 90 – 93% B = Satisfactory (84 – 89%) BC = 80 – 83% C = Minimally acceptable (70 – 79%) F = Failure (below 70%) NOTE: After you receive your graded work, you may choose to revise and resubmit it. Revisions need to be shown using â€Å"track changes† tool on the originally graded document. Revisions should be resubmitted in a timely manner, not all at once at the end of the semester. -Guiding ethos: This course is aligned with the mission of the School of Education, which promotes an Ignatian view of educators as intellectual, moral, and spiritual leaders, guided by ethics of care and social justice. Inclusion: This course is conducted in a manner that affirms the dignity of each individual regardless of age, culture, faith, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, language, disability or social class (Marquette University, 2006). Accommodations. Please let me know if you need any special accommodations in the curriculum, instruction, or assessments in this course to enable you to fully participate. Contact me as early in the course as practicable about such accommodations. I will try to maintain the confidentiality of the information that you share with me. If you need to miss class because of a religious observance, please let me know at least two weeks in advance. Campus resources. If you have questions about campus policies and services you may wish to contact the Marquette Office of Disability Services, Alumni Memorial Union room 317 (www. marquette. edu/oses/disabilityservices/index. shtml; 414-288-1645) EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 6 of 25 CALENDAR: Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Date 1/16 1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 Topic Introduction / Course Overview Conceptual frameworks for effective instructional leadership Adult development Organizational / social context of schools Interpersonal Skills Interpersonal Skills Technical Skills Tasks of Supervision Tasks of Supervision Cognition and learning Cognition and learning Teaching Teaching Independent Work Week School Improvement Theories and models of organizational change Function of Supervision Readings n/a Glickman 1, 2, 3 Glickman 4, 5 Tyack Tobin, 1994 Glickman 6, 7, 8, 9 Glickman 10, 11, 12 Glickman 13, 14, 15 Glickman 16, 17, 18 Glickman 19, 20 BowersSipe, 2005 Bransford 1, 2, 3 Bransford 4, 5 Bransford 6, 7 Bransford 8, 9 Goldstein, 2004 Zepeda, 2004 Hirsh, 2005 Glickman 21, 22 Bernauer, 2002 n/a Assignment ISLLC selfassessment Critical Task 11 Presentations Presentations Critical Task 12 Presentations Presentations 13 14 15 4/17 4/24 5/1 Critical Task 13 Essay Book Review EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 7 of 25 Attachment A: Oral Presentation on a topic related to supervision. (15% of final grade) Directions: 1)Choose to research a topic of interest to you related to the course themes. Possible topics include (but are not limited to) the following: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Characteristics of Effective Teaching Peer Coaching Cognitive Coaching Differentiated Supervision Mentoring Models Gender and Racial Differences in Career Development Adult Learning Styles Teacher Motivation Self-Directed Development Merit Pay and Supervision Teacher Evaluation and Student Learning 360 Degree Feedback PI-34 (Professional Development Plan) Supervision Models in Alternative Settings (e. g. , counseling programs, resource centers, specialized schools, higher education, etc. ) Supervision of Co-Curricular, Extra-Curricular and Non-Exempt Personnel 2) Using research tools such as ERIC and/or Proquest, research this topic. Students are required to conduct a research consultation to facilitate this research. 3) Prepare an annotated bibliography of 5 – 8 journal articles from within the past 5 years. Each annotation will be a maximum of 200 words. ) Prepare a 20 – 30 minute class presentation on this topic. The presentation should incorporate technology and be modeled in a manner to be presented to colleagues in your school setting, such as at a faculty, board, or home/school meeting. 5)On the day of your presentation, submit a copy of the annotated bibliography and presentation outline to each class member and to the instructor. Oral Presentatio n Rubric Literature Annotations Integration of Class Concepts Class presentation Outline TOTAL 5 points 5 points 5 points 5 points /20 points EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 8 of 25 Attachment B: Marquette University School of Education Educational Policy and Leadership Master’s in Educational Leadership – EDLE EDPL 240 Supervision of Instruction Critical Task #11 5-Year Professional Development Plan for Beginning Teachers Standards Addressed: NCA Goal #2 – Apply psychological, historical, and educational research literature to improve educational service in a school or organization. Wisconsin Standard 1 – The administrator has an understanding of and demonstrates competence in the teacher standards. Wisconsin Standard 2 – A school administrator is an educational leader who promotes the success of all students by facilitating the development, articulation, implementation, and stewardship of a vision of learning that is shared and supported by the school community. The administrator has knowledge and understanding of: 2. 4 information sources, data collection, and data analysis strategies Wisconsin Standard 3 – The administrator manages by advocating, nurturing, and sustaining a school culture and instructional program conducive to pupil learning and staff rofessional growth. The administrator has knowledge and understanding of: 3. 8 adult learning and professional development models The administrator believes in, values, and is committed to: 3. 16 professional development as an integral part of school improvement The administrator facilitates processes and engages in activities ensuring that: 3. 21 professional development promotes a focus on student learning consis tent with the school vision and goals 3. 6 life long learning is encouraged and modeled Task Description: Write a 5-year professional development plan for a beginning teacher. Directions: Introduction: Brief description of the school’s professional community, including the following as applicable: EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 9 of 25 †¢ †¢ †¢ School’s vision / mission statement (Required) Size and experience levels of faculty (Required) Description of PI-34 implementation plan Analysis: Professional Development Plan for Initial Educators based on Wisconsin Teacher Standards #1 Content The teacher understands the central concepts, tools of inquiry, and structures of the disciplines he or she teaches and can create learning experiences that make these aspects of subject matter meaningful for pupils. * †¢ †¢ †¢ Description of school’s Formal Professional Support addressing this standard: Description of school’s Informal Professional Support addressing this standard: Description of school’s Professional Support Needs linked to this standard: 2 Pupil growth and development The teacher understands how children with broad ranges of ability learn and provides instruction that supports their intellectual, social, and personal development. * #3 Learning styles The teacher understands how pupils differ in their approaches to learning and the barriers that impede learning and can adapt instruction to meet the diverse needs of pupils , including those with disabilities and exceptionalities. * #4 Classroom instruction The teacher understands and uses a variety of instructional strategies, including the use of technology, to ncourage children’s development of critical thinking, problem solving, and performance skills. * #5 Classroom management The teacher uses an understanding of individual and group motivation and behavior to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interaction, active engagement in learning, and self-motivation. * #6 Communication The teacher uses effective verbal and nonverbal communication techniques as well as instructional media and technology to foster active inquiry, collaboration, and supportive interaction in the classroom. #7 Lesson planning The teacher organizes and plans systematic instruction based upon knowledge of subject matter, pupils, the community, and curriculum goals. * EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 10 of 25 #8 Assessment The te acher understands and uses formal and informal assessment strategies to evaluate and ensure the continuous intellectual, social, and physical development of the pupil. #9 Reflection The teacher is a reflective practitioner who continually evaluates the effect of his or her choices and actions on pupils, parents, professionals in the learning community and others and who actively seeks out opportunities to grow professionally. * #10 Community The teacher fosters relationships with school colleagues, parents, and agencies in the larger community to support pupil learning and well being and acts with integrity, fairness, and in an ethical manner. Reflective Summary Please describe the ways in which this analysis increased your understanding of, appreciation for, and commitment to †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ various adult learning and professional development models professional development as an integral part of school improvement the relationship between professional development, student learning, and a school’s mission and goals the importance of encouraging and modeling lifelong learning. Rating Scale Rating Scale Key: U = Unsatisfactory; S = Satisfactory; E = Exemplary Criteria for passing this critical task (Check one): o Demonstrates Mastery (All ratings exemplary or satisfactory) o Does Not Demonstrate Mastery (One or more ratings unsatisfactory) EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 11 of 25 Scoring Rubric Critical Task #11 EDLE 5-Year Professional Development Plan for Beginning Teacher (EDPL 240) UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY EXEMPLARY SCORE Project Introduction Missing required information regarding school’s professional community (outlined on template) Supplies all required information regarding school’s professional community Provides indepth information / insights regarding overview of school community Lists 3 illustrations Describes of professional thoughtfully development/support analyzes 3 or needs for each WI more teacher standard; illustrations of Description professional demonstrates development understanding and support/needs commitment to adult for each WI learning and standard; professional Description and development as part analysis of school demonstrates improvement plan. advanced understanding and consistent commitment to adult learning and professional development as part of school improvement plan. Identifies sources for Incorporates data gathered from multiple, varied 1-2 sources. information sources into the data collection process. WI 3. 8/WI 3. 16 Wisconsin Teacher Standards – demonstrates understanding of and commitment to adult learning and professional development as part of school improvement. Lists 0-1 illustrations of professional development support needs for each WI teacher standards; Does not demonstrate understanding and commitment to adult learning professional development as part of school improvement plan. WI 2. 4 Unclear or missing Data source attribution for collection data collection. demonstrates understanding of information sources, data collection, and data analysis strategies. EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 12 of 25 WI 3. 26 Reflective summary models life long learning. Minimally reflects on 0-2 indicators listed on template as framework for project assessment; makes no connections that model life long learning. Reflection on 3-4 project assessment indicators. akes connections that model life long learning. WI 3. 21 Professional development plan promotes a focus on student learning consistent with school vision and goals. Professional development plan includes minimal examples that focus on student learning; professional development plan is not clearly connected to or consistent with school goals. Professional development plan includes 3-4 examples that focus on student learning; professional development plan is connected to and consistent with school vision and goals. Submits indepth summary reflection that incorporates all assessment indicators; makes relevant and thoughtful connections that model life long learning. Professional development plan includes multiple examples that focus on student learning; professional development plan is clearly and thoughtfully connected to and consistent with school vision and goals. Professional Writing: Multiple errors in grammar, spelling, and usage; weak organization. Occasional technical errors; average organization and composition style. Error free; clear, coherent, and mature organization/composition style. Student Name: Evaluator: Date: Rating: ID: EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 13 of 25 Criteria for passing this critical task: (check one): o Demonstrates Mastery (All ratings are satisfactory or exemplary. ) o Does Not Demonstrate Mastery (One or more ratings are unsatisfactory. ) EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 14 of 25 Attachment C: Marquette University School of Education Educational Policy and Leadership Master’s in Educational Leadership – EDLE EDPL 240 – Supervision of Instruction Critical Task #12 Case Study and Analysis of Professional Growth Plan for School Standards Addressed: NCA Goal #2 – Apply psychological, historical, and educational research literature to improve educational service in a school or organization. Wisconsin Standard 3 – The administrator manages by advocating, nurturing, and sustaining a school culture and instructional program conducive to pupil learning and staff professional growth. The administrator has knowledge and understanding of: 3. 5 principles of effective instruction 3. 7 diversity and its meaning for educational programs 3. 11 school cultures The administrator facilitates processes and engages in activities ensuring that: 3. 25 diversity is considered in developing learning experiences 3. 2 curricular, co-curricular, and ex tra-curricular programs are designed, implemented, evaluated, and refined 3. 37 multiple sources of information regarding performance are used by staff and students Task Description: Directions: I. Introduction: Brief overview of the status of the school’s formal School Professional Improvement Plan, including, e. g. , general components, process for development and review, date of implementation, etc. Analysis: Focus on specific School Improvement issues linked to Wisconsin Standard for Administrator Development and Licensure #3 A. Curriculum design, implementation, evaluation, and refinement 1. Description of ways in which this issue has been addressed in the School’s Professional Improvement Plan or II. EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 15 of 25 2. Personal analysis of this issue, incorporating data gathered from interviews, documents, observations, etc. a. b. Description of current school strengths Description of needs / recommendations B. Utilization of multiple information sources for performance assessment by staff 1. Description of ways in which this issue has been addressed in the School’s Professional Improvement Plan or 2. Personal analysis of this issue, incorporating data gathered from interviews, documents, observations, etc. a. b. Description of current school strengths Description of needs / recommendations C. Utilization of multiple information sources for performance assessment by students 1. Description of ways in which this issue has been addressed in the School’s Professional Improvement Plan or 2. Personal analysis of this issue, incorporating data gathered from interviews, documents, observations, etc. a. b. Description of current school strengths Description of needs / recommendations D. Instructional effectiveness 1. Description of ways in which this issue has been addressed in the School’s Professional Improvement Plan or 2. Personal analysis of this issue, incorporating data gathered from interviews, documents, observations, etc. a. b. Description of current school strengths Description of needs / recommendations E. Diversity awareness, consideration, and incorporation into educational programming EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 16 of 25 1. Description of ways in which this issue has been addressed in the School’s Professional Improvement Plan or 2. Personal analysis of this issue, incorporating data gathered from interviews, documents, observations, etc. a. b. Description of current school strengths Description of needs / recommendations F. Professional development for faculty and staff 1. Description of ways in which this issue has been addressed in the School’s Professional Improvement Plan or 2. Personal analysis of this issue, incorporating data gathered from interviews, documents, observations, etc. a. b. Description of current school strengths Description of needs / recommendations G. Design, implementation, evaluation, and refinement of co-curricular and extracurricular programs 1. Description of ways in which this issue has been addressed in the School’s Professional Improvement Plan or 2. Personal analysis of this issue, incorporating data gathered from interviews, documents, observations, etc. a. b. III. Reflective Summary To what extent do you believe that, in your educational organization, the general school culture and instructional climate are conducive to pupil learning and staff professional growth (#3)? Rating Scale: Rating Scale Key: U – Unsatisfactory; S = Satisfactory; E = Exemplary Description of current school strengths Description of needs / recommendations EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 17 of 25 Criteria for passing this critical task (Check one): o Demonstrates Mastery (All ratings exemplary or satisfactory) o Does Not Demonstrate Mastery (One or more ratings unsatisfactory) EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 18 of 25 Scoring Rubric Critical Task #12 EDLE Case Study and Analysis of Professional Growth Plan for School (EDPL 240) UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY EXEMPLARY SCORE Project Introduction Provides indepth information / insights regarding School’s Improvement Plan WI 3. 32/WI Lists 0 – 1 example for Provides at least 2 Describes 3. Analysis Option #1 or examples for thoughtfully Analysis of #2 a b, related to Analysis Option #1 analyzes 3 or School’s School Professional or #2 a b, related more examples Profes sional Improvement Plan to School for Analysis Improvement issues A-G (described Professional Option #1 or #2 Plan – on template and linked Improvement Plan a b, related curricular, co- to WI Standard #3 issues A-G to SPIP issues curricular, indicators) A-G and extracurricular programs are designed, implemented, evaluated and refined; professional improvement plan demonstrates understanding of effective instruction. WI 3. 35 Lists 0-1 example of Provides at least 2 Describes Professional how diversity is examples of how thoughtfully Improvement considered in diversity is analyzes 3 or Plan considers professional considered in more examples diversity in improvement plan. professional of how developing improvement plan. diversity is learning considered in experiences. rofessional improvement Missing appropriate information regarding School Professional Improvement Plan (described on template) Supplies basic information regarding status of School’s Professional Improvem ent Plan EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 19 of 25 plan. WI 3. 37 Data Collection – Multiple sources of information regarding performances are used by staff and students. WI 3. 11 Reflective summary demonstrates understanding of school culture. Professional Writing: Technical Skills Student Name: Evaluator: Date: Unclear or missing source attribution for data collection where needed or appropriate Identifies sources for data gathered from 1 – 2 sources Incorporates multiple, varied information sources into the data collection process Minimally reflects on the relationship between school culture and pupil learning / professional growth Multiple errors in grammar, spelling, and usage; weak organization Links several Standard #3 project indicators to reflection on school culture Occasional technical errors; average organization and composition style ID: Submits indepth summary reflection that incorporates all Standard #3 project indicators Error free; clear, coherent, and mature organization / composition style Rating: Criteria for passing this critical task: (check one): o Demonstrates Mastery (All ratings are satisfactory or exemplary. ) o Does Not Demonstrate Mastery (One or more ratings are unsatisfactory. ) EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 20 of 25 Attachment D: Marquette University School of Education Educational Policy and Leadership Master’s in Educational Leadership – EDLE EDPL 240 Supervision of Instruction Critical Task #13 Evaluation of Teacher Using Supervisory Model Standards Addressed: NCA Goal #4 – Evaluate own leadership using a variety of educational frameworks and data sources. Wisconsin Standard 3 – The administrator manages by advocating, nurturing, and sustaining a school culture and instructional program conducive to pupil learning and staff professional growth. The administrator has knowledge and understanding of: 3. 3 applies motivational theories 3. 7 diversity and its meaning for educational programs 3. 8 adult learning and professional development models The administrator facilitates processes and engages in activities ensuring that: 3. 6 professional development as an integral part of school improvement 3. 21 professional development promotes a focus on student learning consi stent with the vision and goals 3. 26 life long learning is encouraged and modeled 3. 38 a variety of supervisory and evaluation models is employed Task Description: Employ a supervisory and evaluation model to observe and provide feedback for a teacher. Directions: II. Introduction: Brief description of the background details of this observation cycle, e. g. , who will be observed, how long has the person been teaching, what content area (s) will be involved, etc. Narrative Description and Analysis A. Pre-Conference †¢ Description of Pre-Conference III. EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 21 of 25 Determination of the purpose of the observation, including the identification of specific teacher / student behaviors. †¢ Analysis of Pre-Conference Selection of an appropriate observation model (Glickman, Chapter 14). Reflection on pre-conference interpersonal skills, e. g. , listening, clarifying, encouraging, reflecting, presenting, problem-solving, negotiating, directing, standardizing, and reinforcing. Reflection on needed supervisory behaviors, e. g. , directive control, directive informational, collaborative, and / or nondirective B. Observation / Data Collection †¢ †¢ Description of Observation and Data Collection Analysis of Observation and Data Collection C. Post-Conference †¢ Description of Post-Conference Presentation of feedback and suggestions for improvement †¢ Analysis of Post-Conference Reflection on post-conference interpersonal skills, e. g. , listening, clarifying, encouraging, reflecting, presenting, problem-solving, negotiating, directing, standardizing, and reinforcing Reflection on clinical cycle supervisory behaviors, e. g. , directive control, directive informational, collaborative, and / or nondirective Reflection on overall effectiveness of the selected observation model IV. Reflective Summary Based on your completed clinical observation cycle, please describe the ways in which you believe that effective developmental supervision contributes to each of the following: EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 22 of 25 †¢ †¢ †¢ Rating Scale Increased teacher motivation (#3. 3) Lifelong learning and professional development (#3. 26, #3. 8) Ongoing school improvement and student learning (#3. 16, #3. 21) Rating Scale Key: U – Unsatisfactory; S = Satisfactory; E = Exemplary Criteria for passing this critical task (Check one): o Demonstrates Mastery (All ratings exemplary or satisfactory) o Does Not Demonstrate Mastery (One or more ratings unsatisfactory) EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 23 of 25 Scoring Rubric Critical Task #13 EDLE Evaluation of Teacher Using Supervisory Model (EDPL 240) UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY EXEMPLARY SCORE WI 3. 38 Minimally describes Uses a variety of pre-conference session supervisory and with teacher evaluation models in pre-conference description/analysis. WI 3. 7 Demonstrates understanding of diversity and its meaning in description of observation data collection. WI 3. 3/3. 8/3. 38 Uses motivational theories, adult learning models, supervisory and evaluation models for post-conference. WI 3. 16/WI 3. 21/WI 3. 26 Reflective Summary focuses on professional development, life long learning and student learning. Professional Writing: Technical Skills Analyzes interpersonal skills, supervisory behaviors, reason for model selected Minimally describes Describes in detail Analyzes the the teacher observation the observation data to provide and provides basic session the data teacher information about data collected; provides feedback gained during the written suggestions consistent with session for teacher the purpose of improvement the observation Describes postconference session content Describes postconference content and supervisor / teacher interactions Analyzes interpersonal skills, supervisory behaviors, and effectiveness of observation model Submits indepth summary reflection that incorporates all project indicators Describes preconference session, including purpose for observation and selected model Offers a personal reflection on the clinical cycle experience Makes connections between the clinical cycle experience and 2 – 3 project indicators Multiple errors in grammar, spelling, and usage; weak organization Occasional technical errors; average organization and composition style ID: Error free; clear, coherent, and mature organization / composition style Student Name: EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 24 of 25 Evaluator: Date: Rating: Criteria for passing this critical task: (check one): o Demonstrates Mastery (All ratings are satisfactory or exemplary. ) o Does Not Demonstrate Mastery (One or more ratings are unsatisfactory. ) EDPL 240 / 340 Supervision of Instruction - Page 25 of 25

Las vegas Essay Example

Las vegas Essay Introduction and Aim Las Vegas is one of the most celebrated, popular, and profitable gambling and touristry finishs in the universe. Get downing from the 1980s, Las Vegas has developed itself through a series of strategic stigmatization attempts, smart placement, catchy selling and advertisement runs, and the development of mega resorts and amusement centres. To understand how Las Vegas has become the gambling and touristry hot spot that it presently is, the bet oning history of Las Vegas must be studied: the authorities s function in legalising gaming and transforming the gambling industry, the arguments over the societal costs vs. societal benefits of the gambling industry, and the game-changing megaresort hotels aiming households that opened on the Las Vegas strip. We will write a custom essay sample on Las vegas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Las vegas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Las vegas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Looking at current times, the selling schemes of Las Vegas have shifted from aiming households to conveying the ‘sin dorsum in ‘Sin City, making the image of a hedonic resort area. Yet, the glorification and success of Las Vegas has been threatened by the recession. It is indispensable to see merely how the economic downswing has affected Las Vegas, in order to calculate the hereafter of Las Vegas from here on out. The intent of this paper is to analyze and understand the yesteryear and present Las Vegas ; to see the way of development Las Vegas has undergone in order to situate the hereafter of Sin City. A Brief History of Casino Gambling In the United States Gambling was legalized in 1931, in the thick of an economic depression ( Hsu 1 ) . The intent of legalising what was so perceived to be an immoral activity was to obtain the revenue enhancement and economic benefits that chancing could bring forth, and to cut down the â€Å"corruptive effect† of illegal, uncontrolled gaming ( 4 ) . Joseph Schumpeter noted in the 1930 s that supplying a new good to the devouring public consequences in economic growing ( Walker 5 ) . Because chancing was one time an illegal activity, the legalisation of it was tantamount to presenting a new good to the populace. And so, after chancing was legalized, there was a immense detonation in the popularity of gambling, and immediate economic growing as a consequence of legalisation ( Hsu 5 ) . After seeing the great economic encouragement of casinos, the general position of chancing changed—while gaming was one time viewed as being ‘tolerated and as a ‘necessary immorality in society, public policy functionaries now view chancing as an built-in portion of the amusement industry ( McGowan 14 ) . The Numberss back this up: in 1999, the gambling industry became the largest section of the overall American amusement industry ; Out of the about $ 100 billion spent on American amusement, bet oning outgo was 36 % of that entire, while film admittances was 7 % and witness athleticss were 7 % ( 24 ) . The Rise of Las Vegas as the Casino Gaming Capital of the United States Nevada was the lone legal casino bet oning legal power for 45 old ages, until Atlantic City was approved for casino gambling ( Hsu 5 ) . Therefore, since the legalisation of gambling, Las Vegas has ever been the first and first epicentre of casino gaming in the United States. Las Vegas casinos began to be built and operated in the 1940 s, and for 40 old ages, Las Vegas casinos were associated with gangsters ( Hsu 15 ) . Regardless of the small figure of hotels that were really under the rabble s influence, this image prevailed until the 1980 s, when a new epoch dawned upon Las Vegas. In 1989, the Mirage hotel opened, and it changed the whole manner Las Vegas operated and was viewed by the populace. This is because the Mirage was the first of a new strain of hotels in Las Vegas: the ‘megaresort. Las Vegas had ever been the ‘traditional market for casino gaming ; casino operations were merely that—casino operations. However, the Mirage marketed itself as a ‘f amily oriented holiday centre or ‘super casino ( 9 ) . At these mega resorts, gaming was lone portion of the entire experience ; now, grownups would experience comfy taking their households to Las Vegas and basking the metropolis together. The Mirage billed itself as a resort that happened to offer casinos, alternatively of as a casino merely. It became a ‘must-see Polynesian-style attractive force with a $ 31 million break outing vent outside the hotel, and a 20,000 gallon fish tank inside incorporating alien tropical fish ( McGowan 35 ) . The gap of the Excalibur in 1990 continued the enlargement of this new strain of mega-resorts, which became immense ‘demand generators and attracted new participants and visitants ( Laventhol A ; Horwath 1990, 21 ) . The Excalibur had a mediaeval times atmosphere, with costumed hosts ( McGowan 35 ) . The Mirage and the Excalibur were the first major hotel/casinos to be constructed in Las Vegas since 1974, and added 7,000 suites to Las Vegas room stock list ( Laventhol A ; Horwath 1989, 21 ) . MGM besides renovated its casino operations and construct a subject park, and because of these actions, MGM experienced success every bit good ; MGM saw a 22 per centum additio n in bet oning grosss and a 24 per centum addition in visitants during the early 1990s as a consequence ( McGowan 10 ) . The gap of these megaresorts in Las Vegas had great effects on the tendencies and Numberss of the touristry and bet oning industries of the full state. In 1993, casino gambling became the preferable signifier of gambling in the United States ; casino bet oning grosss were greater than lottery grosss for the first clip in history ( McGowan 9 ) . In add-on, although it had been predicted in the 1990 Annual Study of Financial Results and Reporting Tendencies: U.S. Gaming Industry that the latter half of 1989 would see a flattening in growing of casinos in the U.S. , there was really a crisp turnaround in December 1989 due to the gap of the Mirage in Las Vegas ( 21 ) . Statewide casino grosss for Nevada dramatically increased besides as a consequence of the new megaresorts opening. In 1989, harmonizing to the 1990 Annual Study of Financial Results and Reporting Tendencies: U.S. Gaming Industry, statewide casino grosss were $ 4.5 billion, a 10.2 per centum year-to-year addition over the $ 4.1 billion in grosss for 1988 ( 21 ) . In Nevada, the Las Vegas Strip represented 47 % of the province s entire casino/hotel grosss ( 21 ) . Casino grosss of the Strip s 27 operations besides passed the $ 2 billion grade, a figure in surplus of what the full province produced in 1979 ( 21 ) . This figure was a 6.4 % addition over the old twelvemonth ( 21 ) . In add-on, by the terminal of 1990, Las Vegas had the largest figure of hotel suites of any metropolis in US. Over one million square pess of convention infinite was besides added, cementing Las Vegas as a major convention finish. In the survey, Laventhol A ; Horwath predicted that though the sudden inflow of new suites and casino infinite would at first adversely affect the net incomes of some casinos, over the long term, with the exhilaration generated by these alterations, Las Vegas will emerge as an even more powerful magnet for touristry. They were right. By 1999, bet oning in Nevada represented 40 % of the entire US non-Indian casino bet oning market ( McGowan 30 ) . As a consequence of the new strain of ace casinos, Las Vegas has become the metropolis where there is merely excessively much to see and make in a few yearss. The mean length of stay in Las Vegas had a 12 % addition between 1998 and 1999, and there was an addition of 18 % in Las Vegas visitant disbursement between 1998 and 1999 ( 37 ) . The Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study showed that there was a 19 % addition in chancing budget, 14 % addition in lodging, 21 % addition in nutrient and drink, a 10 % addition in shopping, and a 21 % addition in show grosss ( McGowan36 ) . In 1999, Las Vegas gambling had a 18 per centum addition of in gambling gross, yet, had an even larger 31 per centum addition in non-gaming gross. ( 37 ) . The immense addition in non-gaming gross can be attributed to several chief factors, harmonizing to McGowan ( 37 ) . First, Las Vegas became a all right dining attraction—Las Vegas is now celebrated both for its inexpensive counters and five star, celebrity-chef headed eating houses. In add-on, Las Vegas shows have become more and more elaborate and expensive over the old ages, hosting top stars such as Barbara Streisand, Elton John, and Celine Dion ; there are besides forte shows such as the Cirque du Soleil shows, and of class, packaging events. There besides has been a enormous success in Las Vegas Strip retail shops. In 1999, 53 % of visitants shopped while in Las Vegas ( 37 ) . Social Costss of the Gaming Industry Despite the good and attractive economic growing, revenue enhancement gross, and employment effects of casinos, there are still many on-going concerns and arguments over the casinos doing chancing dependences, which result in damaging societal costs ( Walker 2 ) . The casino industry has maintained through the old ages that its merchandise is merely a signifier of amusement, much like watching athleticss or films, which besides have monetary values attached to them. However, research workers argue that chancing is basically different from other signifiers of amusement because of the societal costs of chancing dependences. A societal cost is defined as a â€Å"reduction in societal existent wealth†Ã¢â‚¬â€the wealth spoken of here does non mention to hard currency money, but instead, whatever is valued by persons ( 88 ) . Addicted, pathological gamblers inflict high societal costs, which could really countervail the economic benefits of casinos. Many research workers have written about the societal costs of chancing dependence, which include: loss of income from missed work, decreased productiveness on the occupation, depression and physical unwellness related to emphasize, increased self-destruction efforts, bailout costs, unrecovered loans to pathological gamblers, unpaid debts and bankruptcies, higher insurance premiums ensuing from pathological gambler-caused fraud, corruptness of public functionaries, strive on public services, industry cannibalization ( that is, other industries suffer losingss due to casinos gap in a town or metropolis ) , and divorces caused by chancing ( Walker 87 ) . Thompson did a survey in 1997 about the one-year societal cost ( in dollars ) per compulsive gambler. He found that for one compulsive gambler, the societal cost is about $ 9,469. This includes therapy ( $ 361 ) , unemployment compensation ( $ 214 ) , bad debts ( $ 1487 ) , bankruptcy tribunal costs ( $ 334 ) , public assistance costs ( $ 334 nutrient casts and assistance to dependent kids ) , and condemnable justness costs ( $ 3,498 larcenies, apprehensions, captivity ) ( Walker 98 ) . These societal costs are unloaded unto others, and non paid by the addicted gambler, which is besides why Thompson did non include any figures refering money stolen by a compulsive gambler, which he considers to be a wealth transportation, non a societal cost. Walker and Barnett besides studied the emotional costs that pathological gamblers impose on to their friends and households ; these emotional loads can besides be considered to be societal costs ( Walker 101 ) . Bailout costs are non, harmonizing to Walker, considered to be societal costs, but this is merely another negative consequence of gamblers dependences. Identifying a Gambling Addiction A individual with a chancing dependence is non merely person who likes to travel and chance a batch ; there are several trials that can name a pathological gambler. The DSM-IV is a diagnostic instrument used in psychological science and psychopathology that classifies chancing dependences by inquiring a figure of inquiries. A individual is diagnosed as a pathological gambler if he or she can be described by five or more of the undermentioned conditions ( DSM-IV 1994, p. 618 ) : The person†¦ The person†¦ is preoccupied with gaming ( e.g. preoccupied with live overing past gaming experiences, disabling or be aftering the following venture, or thought of ways to acquire money with which to chance ) demands to chance with increasing sums of money in order to accomplish the coveted exhilaration. has repeated unsuccessful attempts to command, cut back, or halt gaming. is ungratified or cranky when trying to cut down or halt gaming gambles as a manner of get awaying from jobs or of alleviating a distressed temper ( e.g. , feelings of weakness, guilt, anxiousness, depression ) . after losing money gaming, frequently returns another twenty-four hours to acquire even ( trailing one s losingss ) prevarications to household members, healer, or others to hide the extent of engagement with chancing has committed illegal Acts of the Apostless such as Has jeopardized or lost a important relationship, occupation, or educational or calling chance because of chancing relies on others to supply money to alleviate a despairing fiscal state of affairs caused by chancing ( Walker 168-169 ) . ( Walker 168-169 ) . It is of import to inquire gamblers how the individual financed his/her gaming, and the maximal sum lost in one twenty-four hours, because clinicians rely on these estimations to mensurate the decrease in chancing activity station intervention ( Walker 120 ) . It is hard nevertheless, to deduce and cipher gaming losingss, because gamblers frequently do nt cognize how much money they have spent and who they have borrowed from ( because they ve borrowed from so many people ) ( 121 ) . Thompson and Schwer besides estimated the societal costs of chancing specifically in Las Vegas entirely. They estimated that 3.5 % of the population is a pathological gambler ( which translates to about 38,571 grownups ) , with an estimated cost per gambler of $ 10,053 per twelvemonth, and a entire estimated cost per twelvemonth of $ 387.8 million ( Walker 130 ) . Why the Argument over Social Costs Is Relevant Understanding the societal costs of chancing is indispensable to researching the success of casinos, because casinos frequently sharply market to consumers who have high chancing dependence rates within their communities. For case, casino operators sharply pursue Asians both domestically and abroad. These targeted demographics include the freshly affluent Chinese ( who have late become Las Vegas best clients ) , Asian-Americans, and recent immigrants from the Pacific Rim ( Rivlin ) . One major attempt to provide to Asiatic clients includes redesigning immense parts of casino floors in order to appeal to the gustatory sensations of Asiatic invitees. Harrah s Entertainment, which owns casinos in Atlantic City and Las Vegas, has been a taste-maker in this field. In early 2006, Harrah s opened a gambling and dining country, inspired by Ming- and Song-dynasty architecture, at the Showboat in Atlantic City ( Rivlin ) . The company imported carven forests from China in order to make a twelve chemin de fer tabular arraies ( which is the preferable game for many Asiatic participants ) , and several tabular arraies for pai gow fire hook. Other casinos have followed suit, such as the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City and Mohegan Sun in Connecticut, which have besides built all-Asian chancing cavities. Due to these attempts, table game gross at the Showboat increased 35 % in 2006, which was an addition from $ 46 million to $ 63 million. The casino besides doubled its concern among its Asiatic participants. In Las Vegas, these successful alterations are besides being implemented—Asian-themed chemin de fer salons are distributing across Las Vegas, and this is entirely due to its popularity among the Chinese, harmonizing to William Weidner, the president of Las Vegas Sands ( which is the parent company of the Venetian ) . The ground for these high-cost alterations are because of high rollers, sometimes called giants, who are the improbably affluent V.I.P. s who will put on the line 1000000s of dollars over a individual weekend, or 10s of 1000s of dollars on one manus. 80 per centum of Las Vegas biggest giants are from Asia, most of them baccarat participants from China and Hong Kong ( Rivlin ) . Harmonizing to Weidner, the Asiatic client normally spends much more of their disposable income on gaming, and even is known to take their repasts in the chemin de fer salon. Mr. Weidner recognizes the importance of his Asiatic invitees and their money to his concern. He even travels to Hong Kong with an translator in order to plan his casinos with the advice of a feng shui maestro. The job with selling to Asiatic clients is nt with these giants from abroad, but with the aggressive selling tactics used to court less-affluent Asian-Americans. Las Vegas casinos create advertizements written in Asiatic idioms, and topographic point those advertizements in Asian community newspapers in metropoliss near Las Vegas ( Rivlin ) . They besides send out Mailers written in a receiver s native linguistic communication, and despatch particular coachs to any Chinatown within a twenty-four hours s thrust. Harmonizing to Dr. Fong, the co-director of the Gambling Studies Program at the University of California, Los Angeles, the impact of these attempts is major and widespread. Gambling is an tremendous portion of Asiatic civilization, harmonizing to Kent Woo, the executive manager of the NICOS Chinese Health Coalition in San Francisco, and Woo feels that casinos are working those civilizations and making dependences within the communities. Asiatic militants are really concerned, disquieted, and even highly angry over the selling attempts by casino companies, because surveies have suggested that Asians have higher rates of job chancing than any other groups. A long-run survey by Dr. Fong suggests that â€Å"Asians are three times every bit likely as other groups to develop a serious chancing problem.† It must be noted though, that this decision is based merely on a little sample of Asian-American gamblers populating in Los Angeles. Even still, the California authorities has seen fit to take stairss to assist the Asian-American community with their gaming dependences. The authorities created an Asiatic Pacific Islander Problem Gambling Task Force in 2004 ; the focal point of this group is to supply intervention and bar plans for Asian-Americans who can non talk English. It is of import to acknowledge that chancing brings about non merely societal benefits, but harmful societal costs every bit good. Casinos do impact the communities around them tremendously, and they rather perchance are even taking advantage of the failings of a certain community to chance, in order to drive up grosss and net incomes. Dr. Fong says, â€Å"If there s this concealed job of dependence that s non being addressed, and that s what we think is go oning, it will easy eat off at the cloth of the community† ( Rivlin ) .A Change in Focus—â€Å"What Happens Here Stays Here† Although Las Vegas gained its popularity as a touristry hot spot by going a family-friendly finish, in recent old ages the unofficial slogan of Las Vegas has been that â€Å"sin is in again† ( McMullen ) . In the early 2000 s, due to grok selling, Las Vegas enjoyed a Renaissance of kinds, in which there was a newfound moving ridge of popularity for casinos and chancing ( Bogomolny ) . In January 2003, the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority launched a $ 58 million, 20-month run centered around the new tagline for the metropolis of Las Vegas: â€Å"What Happens Here, Stays Here† ( Thomaselli ) . This old catch phrase has invaded popular civilization, and Las Vegas one time once more had a new, successful image that redefined the metropolis. Billy Vassiliadis, CEO of R A ; R Partners, which created the run, says that the tagline has become so popular because he researched what it is that makes people want to see Las Vegas ; he found that Las Vegas had a â€Å"li berating capacity† for people—people go to Las Vegas to make and eat and see things they would nt woolgather of making back at place. The run consisted of sexy, high-strung â€Å"Vegas stories† commercials, which, harmonizing to USA Today s Ad Tracker, was the 7th most sympathetic run, and tied with Citibank for the most effectual run of the twelvemonth. Pleased with the success of the ads, the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority rolled over R A ; R s contract for an extra five old ages, less than six months into the launch of the run ( Thomaselli ) . Not everyone loves and supports this run though—many company executives disapprove of the hedonism-encouraging run. Steven Hacker, president of the International Association for Exhibition Management, Dallas, said that this run is â€Å"not the most effectual message to direct into the concern sector, as executives are the 1s who decide where conventions are held ( Thomaselli ) . The image of a company may be blemished if the company holds their conferences and conventions in Sin City, where anything goes, and â€Å"What Happens Here, Stays Here.† However, harmonizing toTerry Jicinsky, senior VP-marketing for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority, â€Å"convention attending increased by 12.9 % in 2003 compared with 2002, and conventioneers non-gaming economic impact was up 11.8 % last twelvemonth compared to the old year.† Even with disapproval of the wickedness run from corporations, the usage of wickedness to pull visitants has made a strong rejoinder in Las Vegas- after all Las Vegas moniker is Sin City. An increasing figure of Las Vegas hotels and resorts are offering more adult-oriented adjustments and amusement ( McMullen ) . Las Vegas is traveling off from aiming households, and traveling towards marketing peculiarly to â€Å"twenty-and mid-thirtiess, who have no ties and want to truly botch themselves, † harmonizing to Erika Yowell, senior director, media dealingss for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Bureau ( McMullen ) . The Numberss show that there has been success in marketing Las Vegas as an grownup resort area: the average age of visitants coming to Las Vegas dropped somewhat, to 49 in 2004 from 50 in 2003, with the largest addition in visitants in the 21-29 and 31-39 age sets ( McMullen ) . McMullen says that this could be attributed to the wildly popular â€Å"What Happens, Here Stays Here† touristry run, which encourages â€Å"adults to lose their inhibitions.† In add-on, hotels and casinos are marketing more to a great extent to grownups through magazines such as GQ, Playboy and InStyle. The Palms Casino Resort has enjoyed peculiar success in this Las Vegas Renaissance of flashiness, glamor, and wickedness, by utilizing advanced selling in order to aim the individual, big demographic. The four Maloof brothers, who are the billionaire co-owners of the Palms Casino Resort, are Masterss of selling ( Bogomolny ) . The Maloofs understood that competition is highly ferocious in Las Vegas, and that they needed to set up a trade name in order to pull clients and prolong their concern. The Maloofs started off by purchasing less-expensive existent estate non located on the dumbly jammed and competitory Las Vegas Strip. Then, after the resort opened ( to non extraordinary success ) , George Maloof convinced the manufacturers of MTV s The Real World to movie a season at the Palms ( Bogomolny ) . The Maloofs paid $ 1.5 million to restitute the twenty-eighth floor of their hotel, making a posh place for the seven aliens who would populate together and movie a world show together. Once the show aired in 2002, things turned drastically about, and the Palms became tremendously successful due to its appealing to youth. The history of Las Vegas success revolves around the hotel and casino industry aiming households and older visitants but the Maloofs â€Å"tapped into a badly underserved market in Vegas: youth† ( Bogomolny ) . With The Real World, the Maloofs revitalized the old image of chancing as â€Å"a fun societal interest, † and Las Vegas as the topographic point to bask one s young person. While the mean age of a Las Vegas tourer was 59 at the clip, the mean Palms hotel invitee was under 35. The success of the Palms came from their mantra to â€Å"get clients while they re immature, [ because ] you ll perpetrate them to your trade name for life† ( Bogomolny ) . The Palms continues to continue its hip image today by milking all the famous person connexions it can. The Maloofs do whatever they can to pull the â€Å"young, rich, celebrated and beautiful† to â€Å"pull in celebrity-obsessed customers† ( Bogomolny ) . In add-on, the Maloofs realized the importance of cross-promotion. The Maloofs own the NBA squad the Sacramento Kings, and so the Maloofs advertise at Arco Arena, which is where the Kings drama. After their carefully crafted success, the Maloofs have enjoyed the fruits of their labours they unveiled a $ 600 million enlargement of their comparatively little hotel ( the Palms opened with merely 425 hotel suites, compared to the mean 4,000 hotel suites of the hotels on the Las Vegas Strip ) ( Bogomolny ) . They constructed 599 condominium units adjacent to the hotel, and built an extra â€Å"347-room hotel tower themed with party suites and Playboy branded high-end sofa and retail locales, † and â€Å"46 mega su ites and sky penthouses complete with characteristics conducive to furthering the escapist outlook, such as excess sound insularity, private swimming pools, hearths and even basketball courts† ( McMullen ) . The Maloofs became the faces of the new Las Vegas, demoing the metropolis what it takes to regenerate and pull new types of clients in such a dumbly competitory industry. Many other hotel corporations have followed suit in aiming immature visitants. Beaks of America purchased Hotel San Remos on Tropicana Avenue, and spent $ 130 million to restitute and rebrand the 711-room belongings into a Hooters Casino Hotel ( McMullen ) . MGM Mirage has alter the image of Treasure Island, a 2,885-room hotel that opened in 1993, to that of an an exciting and energetic grownup atmosphere, every bit described as Tom Mikulich, president of MGM Mirage. Treasure Island, like several other casino resorts in Las Vegas, has reduced comfortss targeted towards kids, and added attractive forces appealing to more mature audiences. Mikulich says of the alterations to Treasure Island: We downsized our arcade, added a sultry cabaret, changed out the skull-and-crossbones pavilion for more modern-day signage and enhanced the plagiarist show to include the sexy Sirens of Treasure Island† ( McMullen ) . In add-on, there had been an increasing demand for more exciting night life, and the bing hotels took notice, constructing more cabarets and adult-themed shows. The MGM Grand, which opened in 1993, late opened a cabaret, Tabu. New York, New York, which has been in operation since 1997, offers a sexy Cirque du Soleil show called Zumanity. The Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, which opened in 1999, besides opened a cabaret named Body English. The new end of the 2000s was for Las Vegas hotels to convey in the immature late-night partiers to their belongingss. Effectss of the Recession on Las Vegas Tourism A ; Bet oning Numbers Even though Las Vegas has been one of the â€Å"fastest-growing cities in the U.S.† for twenty old ages, Las Vegas has non been immune to the economic downswing ( Stein ) . In fact, Las Vegas has been particularly hit hard by the recession ; in 2009, Las Vegas touristry and bet oning Numberss suffered record hits. The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority reported that in 2008, visitant volume was down 4.4 per centum to 37.5 million, tenancy rates went down 4.4 per centum points to 86 per centum, and the mean day-to-day room rate lowered 9.8 per centum to $ 119.19 ( Velotta ) . These lessenings can be attributed to stop dead recognition markets, increased unemployment, and volatile fuel monetary values, which resulted in decreased consumer assurance, and a lessening in disbursement for travel and touristry. The province Gaming Control Board reported its Numberss for the financial twelvemonth 2008 ( the last six months of 2007-2008 and the first six months of 2008-2009 ) , and bet oning win had its â€Å"steepest per centum diminution in history† ( Velotta ) . Clark County s bet oning win was $ 771.8 million, down 18.4 per centum from the same month a twelvemonth earlier. The Strip s win was down 23.2 per centum to $ 474.2 million. In the Southern Nevada submarkets, downtown Las Vegas win decreased 17.5 per centum to $ 41.3 million, the Boulder strip was away 9.2 per centum to $ 76.3 million, Laughlin fell 18 per centum to $ 37.4 million and Mesquite was down 25.1 per centum to $ 10 million. The touristry Numberss for December 2008 were in line with the province s gambling figures. Visitor volume decreased aggressively by 10.9 per centum to 3 million—this was 2008 s worst monthly per centum diminution ( Velotta ) . In add-on, Las Vegas tenancy fell 9.9 per centum points to 73.3 per centum, which is besides the worst monthly per centum diminution of the twelvemonth. December s mean day-to-day room rate was off 14.2 per centum to $ 96.39 ; this was the first clip in 2008 that the rate went below the $ 100 grade. This is particularly flooring when sing the fact that the mean day-to-day room rate and tenancy degrees in 2008 were at record highs a twelvemonth earlier. Las Vegas, which is the figure one convention metropolis in the U.S. , has besides seen a crisp lessening in convention travel ( Stein ) . Convention attending for December fell 4.7 per centum to 123,588, besides the worst month of the twelvemonth ( although to be just, December is traditionally the worst executing month for conventions ) ( Velotta ) . For the full twelvemonth though, convention traffic fell 5 per centum to 5.9 million. The figure of meetings held was down 16.7 per centum in December to 1,071. For the twelvemonth, it was away 5.8 per centum to 22,454. The lessening in convention traffic can be attributed to the â€Å"AIG effect† ( Stein ) . Sheldon Adelson, a bulk proprietor of Las Vegas Sands, and a casino fable, believes that portion of the ground why convention travel has taken a hit is due to Obama â€Å"vilifying† Las Vegas ( â€Å"Vegas Mogul† ) . In February 2009, Obama made the undermentioned remark: You ca nt take a trip to Las Vegas or down to the Super Bowl on the taxpayers dime.† The combination of dirt over bailed-out banking companies such as AIG still taking munificent trips, and the fact that Las Vegas has become synonymous with a â€Å"good time† for grownups has led to what Adelson feels is an unjust onslaught on Vegas. He says, If you are traveling to revile Las Vegas because it s a great topographic point to travel, allow s revile all 30 provinces that legalized gambling What s the deduction here? That the authorities on taxpayer money will merely let people to travel to top ographic points where they will non bask themselves, where they are traveling to detest it ( â€Å"Vegas Mogul† ) . The recoil against corporate disbursals, and freshly image-conscious corporations declining to pass money to go to a topographic point nicknamed Sin City, has â€Å"worsened the travel slack, † and has led to the decrease of occupations as a consequence. Nevada s car traffic Numberss can besides state us how touristry has decreased in the province. December s mean day-to-day car traffic fell 2.5 per centum to 80,736 vehicles a twenty-four hours on all major main roads and 1.3 per centum to 38,586 vehicles on Interstate 15 at the Nevada-California boundary line ( Velotta ) .. For the twelvemonth, traffic was down 5.3 per centum on I-15 and other major main roads Las Vegas besides has the â€Å"highest foreclosure rate of any major tube area† ( Stein ) . Besides, the unemployment rate jumped from 3.8 % to 12.3 % in merely three old ages clip. Those who have been able to maintain their occupations are still enduring, because their pay depends on generous tips from the patronage. The lone cardinal index of touristry that increased in 2008 was room inventory—room stock list is up 5.7 per centum to 140,529 suites ( Velotta ) . However, this is non necessary a good thing for tourism—with more suites, local functionaries will hold to convey in even more tourers and visitants to Las Vegas in order to beef up the tenancy and ADR rates. The addition in room stock list was due to the gaps of the Palazzo, Wynn Encore, Aliante Station, Eastside Cannery, and the gap of a new tower in South Point on Las Vegas Boulevard South. In add-on, there are frozen building undertakings everyplace because casino proprietors borrowed manner excessively much money to construct hotels that were manner excessively large ( Stein ) . Nevada is about belly-up because it relies largely on taxing casino proprietors, with no aggregation of income revenue enhancements ( Stein ) . Due to the lessening in grosss in Las Vegas, the province of Nevada has been devastated. The lone infirmary malignant neoplastic disease flying for uninsured patients had to be closed down due to budget cuts, the Las Vegas Art Museum was lost, and there are empty, closed-down shopfronts everyplace, including the Neonopolis, a $ 100 million, 250,000 sq.ft. promenade. The province is so despairing that Steven Horsford, the bulk leader of the Nevada senate and â€Å"de facto caput of Nevada s government† tried to ordain a corporate income revenue enhancement, but was shot down ( Stein ) . Hope for 2010 The CityCenter Looking to the hereafter though, Nevada seems to be really hopeful that 2010 will demo better Numberss. Most of this optimism hinges on the gap of MGM Mirage s CityCenter on the Las Vegas Strip in December 2009. The $ 8 billion CityCenter is described as an â€Å"extraordinary urban resort finish brought to life by eight world-renowned architects† ( â€Å"Vegas City Center† ) . It is a aggregation of hotel resorts, watering place, nightclubs, sofas, and bars, retail shops, abodes, eating houses headed by world-class chefs, dramatic architecture, theatres and shows, convention centres, dynamic public infinites, and art galleries. Conceived in 2004, the intent of the CityCenter was to â€Å"refine and redefine† Las Vegas as a new â€Å"cultural epicentre in the universe, a topographic point that travellers would seek out, much like the Guggenheim in Bilbao or the SONY Center in Berlin† ( â€Å"Vegas City Center† ) . The hope was that the CityCenter would go a topographic point for the community to garner. In add-on, the CityCenter is environmentally responsible—it is one of the largest ( at 18 million square pess ) sustainable developments in the universe. The CityCenter presently has six Gold LEED ® enfranchisements, which is the highest LEED accomplishment by any hotel, retail territory, or residential development in Las Vegas ( â€Å"Vegas CityCenter Earns† ) . Presently, the Vdara Hotel, Crystals retail and amusement territory, Mandarin Oriental, and ARIA Resort A ; Casino ( which has 4,004 technologically advanced guestrooms with floor-to-ceiling Windowss offering positions of the Las Vegas skyline ) have already opened ; The Harmon and residential tenancies are set to open in 2010. CB Richard Ellis Global Gaming Group released its 2010 Las Vegas Strip Forecast A ; Investment Guide, which forecasts per centum additions in overall Las Vegas Strip gross in 2010 ( â€Å"Vegas Strip Revenue† ) . The 85-page study said that overall Las Vegas Strip gross is expected to lift by 3 % to 7 % in 2010 ; this prognosis took into history assorted economic and operational factors, and most peculiarly the CityCenter gap and the impact this undertaking will hold on the Strip. 2008 and 2009 will be remembered as â€Å"two of the most disruptive old ages in the history of the Strip, † harmonizing to the Director of Gaming Research and Analysis for CBRE s Global Gaming Group and co-author of the study, Jacob Oberman ( â€Å"Vegas Strip Revenue† ) . Although Las Vegas Strip casinos are likely to go on sing gross and net incomes diminutions in 2010, future deductions for Las Vegas are positive. CBRE says that â€Å"investor sentiment will probably better as he adline market gross informations measured on a year-over-year footing turns positive. Additionally, market gross growing sets the phase for net positive occupation growing for Strip casinos in 2010, which bodes good for the local Las Vegas economy† ( â€Å"Vegas Strip Revenue† ) . In add-on, harmonizing to the Las Vegas Strip Forecast A ; Investment Guide, â€Å"10 % to 30 % of CityCenter s gross will be incremental gross for the market, while the balance is expected to come at the disbursal of bing Strip casinos. Strip casinos in being prior to October 2009 will see a gross diminution of 3 % to 6.9 % in 2010† ( â€Å"Vegas Strip Revenue† ) . A View against the Optimistic CityCenter Prognosiss Despite these positive prognosiss that the CityCenter will assist Las Vegas recoil in 2010, Jeff Weinstein ( the editor in head of HOTELS Magazine ) believes that the CityCenter will hold to cover with â€Å"serious turning pains† foremost ( Weinstein ) . Many of the condominiums in the CityCenter are still unsold, and the positive prognosiss seem a small unrealistic. Weinstein believes that the CityCenter would really â€Å"cannibalize business† from the other MGM Mirage undertakings on the Las Vegas Strip, and farther injury rates on the Las Vegas Boulevard. Until the economic system is in much better form, the CityCenter will fight. Weinstein believes that the 3-7 % addition in gross for 2010 as predicted by CBRE Global Gaming Group will non happen, and that the added 6,000 suites to hotel stock list due to the CityCenter will merely take to greater competition and more discounting, intending lower room rates in the terminal. As mentioned earlier, when there is more room stock list, it is harder to make full suites. Though the CityCenter has brought great economic benefit to Las Vegas already through the creative activity of 12,000 new occupations, the CityCenter will take clip to make the success that everyone hoped for. The CityCenter opened in the worst possible timing, and it is dubious that the universe will be leaping to see the CityCenter and pass their disposable income at that place. Weinstein hopes fierily though, that possibly in a few old ages clip, when the economic system is better, the CityCenter will be all it was expected to be, to assist Las Vegas make its highest potency. Las Vegas Unwavering Optimism The things that made Las Vegas a first gambling and touristry finish are the same things that are taking to its possible ruin today. Hsu suggests in her book, Legalized Casino Gaming in the United States: the Economic and Social Impact, that there are two local grounds why Las Vegas became so successful in such a short period of clip. The first is that Las Vegas â€Å"offers a synergy that can come merely from holding a concentration of chancing casinos in a individual location† ( Hsu 15 ) . The big casinos do non really vie with other large casinos ; instead, Hsu says, they work together to publicize and Las Vegas as a whole. The consequence is that Las Vegas has become the tourer experience, instead than bet oning at a peculiar casino† ( 103 ) . Large casinos besides are offering more and more services and better pricing of games and amusement merchandises because there is so much impregnation in the casino and hotel market in Las Vegas. The 2nd ground why Las Vegas has grown exponentially in merely a few decennaries is because Las Vegas â€Å"thinks large, † offering â€Å"overcapacity and an surfeit of both chancing and nongambling products† ( Hsu 101 ) . Las Vegas is a topographic point where everything the tourer wants to see and see is available in copiousness ; Las Vegas holds an image of degeneracy, wickedness, hedonism, and extravagancy. As a consequence of this luxury and ‘think large attitude, Stein notes that merely as Las Vegas was the â€Å"epicenter of the excessive ingestion of the past 20 old ages, now it s the deepest crater of the recession over the last year† ( Stein ) . However, in malice of Las Vegas being one of the biggest casualties of the recession, Las Vegas has ever been seen as â€Å"recession cogent evidence, † and so, as Joel Stein points out in Time Magazine, Las Vegas business communities are non taking the recession earnestly plenty. For case, Sheldon Adelson, the casino fable, believes that Las Vegas will bounce and that gustatory sensations have non for good changed due to the recession, because there is no manner America will halt making the â€Å"things they want to do† ( Stein ) . Adelson â€Å"does non believe that America is traveling to basically alter its values from extravagancy to thrift, † and therefore, will non alter his â€Å"strategy of utilizing high-end dining, elephantine suites and lavish convention infinites to pull customers† ( Stein ) . Adelson, who as mentioned before is the president of the Las Vegas Sands Corp. ( which owns the Venetian hotel, the Sands Expo and Convention Center and the Ventian Macao ) , has had his bank history about wholly wiped out last twelvemonth, losing most of his enormous wealth ( Stein ) . In 2007, and 2008, Adelson was the 3rd richest individual in the universe, with a net worth of $ 40 billion. However, by 2009 he lost $ 36.5 billion—â€Å"more than the GDP of half of the states in the world† ( Stein ) . Before the economic downswing, Bankss were â€Å"begging† Adelson to take their money ; Adelson obliged, took all he the money he could, and built a mini-Vegas in Macao, dubbed the Cotai Strip, every bit good as big casinos in Singapore. His debt-to-earnings ratio was a immense 6.8 to 1. Then, when the recession occurred, the bank loans stopped coming his manner and his stock monetary value decreased dramatically from $ 144 to $ 1.42 in March 2009, though it has i ncreased back to around $ 12 ( Stein ) . His building undertakings were halted every bit good. In malice of these tremendous losingss, Stein observes that Adelson does nt look excessively crushed by his losingss. Adelson even said to Stein, A billion dollars does nt purchase what it used to. So it s non every bit tragic as one would assume.† When Adelson s married woman asked him to cut back on his disbursals, Adelson dismissed her, stating that he still had more money than they could of all time pass ( Stein ) . The optimistic and hopeful attitude that Vegas holds is alone to the people of Las Vegas. Neal Smatresk, executive frailty president and provost at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas, says that the people of Vegas are non every bit down as those in â€Å"far less devastated cities† because Las Vegas very nature is a town â€Å"built on hopes and dreams† ( Stein ) . After all, chancing in itself is a game of hazards that people take because of their hopes and dreams that they will win the pot. However, though Las Vegas is the ultimate finish for escape, Las Vegas can non get away the sobering jobs and low Numberss that have come about due to the recession.Overview and Conclusion After the legalisation of gaming, the popularity of casino gambling exploded. Las Vegas became the premiere casino gambling and tourer finish in the United States, at an incredibly fast rate. Las Vegas became the ultimate topographic point to get away to and happen astonishing amusement, whether it was with one s households or grownups merely looking to bask all the decadent and hedonic things life had to offer. Las Vegas became what it was due to introducing selling and strong placement schemes. Unfortunately, the strong image of luxury that made Las Vegas a success is besides taking to its failures today. Las Vegas is one of the most oversaturated markets in the universe, with a astonishing figure of hotel suites, casinos, eating houses, shops, and other attractive forces in a densely-packed infinite. Harmonizing to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Bureau, the entire hotel room stock list in 2004 was 131,503. By 2009, there were 15,000 more suites that were built, conveying the entire figure of hotel suites in Las Vegas in 2009 to 146,781 ( McMullen ) . Though casino gambling is an industry seen as being recession-proof, Las Vegas makes much of their money from non-gaming grosss, and Macau is get downing to outpace the Las Vegas Strip in bet oning grosss ( McGowan ) . Macau is pulling many of the Asian â€Å"whales† that have late sustained Vegas, endangering Las Vegas position as the casino bet oning epicentre of the universe. While Las Vegas image and attitude is that of hope, optimism, and dreams, the current economic state of affairs is both sobering and highly black. Room rates, tenancy rates, gambling and nongaming grosss, and travel Numberss are down all across the board. The really image of wickedness that brought a new, immature demographic into Las Vegas in recent old ages has besides led to a crisp diminution in convention travel, a immense beginning of gross and concern for Las Vegas. Lone clip will state if all those frozen building undertakings will be completed, tenancy and ADR rates can increase, and whether the metropolis of Las Vegas and the province of Nevada can retrieve from the lay waste toing blow of the recession.